细颗粒物凝并技术机理的研究进展

doi:10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.219106

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 凝并技术是提高烟气中细颗粒物(PM2.5)去除效率的关键技术之一。凝并机理的研究有利于加深对细颗粒物凝并过程的理解，最大限度地提高PM2.5的凝聚速度，使PM2.5在较短的时间内团聚成大颗粒。本工作对电凝并、化学凝并和声凝并3种凝并效果显著的凝并技术机理进行概述，分别介绍了电凝并机理的核心电凝并系数方程，不同化学添加剂对颗粒的作用机制，同向运动、流体力学和声致湍流作用下的声凝并机理的发展现状。阐述了现有研究的不足，并提出在后续凝并机理的研究中，可利用高速显微摄像技术实时观测颗粒的凝并过程，对已有凝并机理进行验证及修正。同时还需考虑实际烟气成分对颗粒凝并的影响，进一步完善颗粒的凝并机理。

关键词: 细颗粒物, 凝并机理, 研究进展

Abstract: Fine particles (PM2.5), easily absorbing many harmful chemical compositions and causing adverse health problems, are difficult to be removed by conventional electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) due to the extremely low charge. Particle agglomeration, a most simple and effective way to increase mean particle size through physical and chemical methods, is drawing interest in increasing the collection efficiency of PM2.5 in ESPs. Moreover, the study of the agglomeration mechanism is very significant in revealing the influence rules of various agglomeration conditions on agglomeration efficiency. According to the different mechanisms, particle agglomeration can be divided into electric agglomeration, chemical agglomeration, acoustic agglomeration, magnetic agglomeration, turbulence agglomeration, light agglomeration, thermal agglomeration, and vapor heterogeneous condensation, etc. However, comparing with all kinds of agglomeration technologies, researchers are more interested in electric agglomeration, chemical agglomeration and acoustic agglomeration because they have more prominent agglomeration efficiency and a wider range of applications to the removal of PM2.5. In this work, the relevant study progress and present status at home and aboard were summarized and analyzed about the mechanism of electric agglomeration, chemical agglomeration and acoustic agglomeration, which included agglomeration coefficient of the key to electric agglomeration mechanism to charged particles, the condensation mechanism between various chemical adsorbents and fine particles, and the orthokinetic, hydrodynamic and acoustic streaming mechanisms of acoustic agglomeration. It was pointed out that the mechanism of particle agglomeration, which had been established by experimental observation or theoretical derivation, still required a more in-depth study. In the meantime, some suggestions, as one of the future direction of agglomeration technology, were proposed as follow: on one hand, in order to verify the particle agglomeration mechanism, the real movement of particles during the agglomeration process can be measured through high-speed microscopic imaging technology; on the other hand, the influence of complex atmosphere on the agglomeration mechanism of particles should be further explored.

Key words: Fine particles, Agglomeration mechanism, Research status

吴湾王雪朱廷钰. 细颗粒物凝并技术机理的研究进展[J]. 过程工程学报, 2019, 19(6): 1057-1065.

Wan WU Xue WANG Tingyu ZHU. Mechanism research status of agglomeration technology for fine particles removal[J]. Chin. J. Process Eng., 2019, 19(6): 1057-1065.

参考文献

[1]Wang Y S, Yao L, Wang L, et al.Mechanism for the formation of the January 2013 heavy haze pollution episode over central and eastern China[J].Science China Earth Sciences, 2014, 5(1):14-21
[2] 向晓东.电凝聚除尘理论与应用技术研究 [D]. 沈阳：东北大学, 2002: 1-2.
[3]Xiang X D.Study on theory and application technology of electric condensation [D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2002: 1-2.
[4] 靳星.静电除尘器内细颗粒物脱除特性的技术基础研究 [D]. 北京：清华大学, 2013: 1-24.
[5]Jing X.Technical basic research on fine particle removal characteristics in Electrostatic Precipitator [D]. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 2013: 1-24.
[6]竹涛，陈锐，王晓佳，等.电凝并技术脱除的研究现状及发展方向[J].Clean Coal Technology, 2015, 21(2):6-9
[7]Zhu T, Chen R, Wang X J, et al.Research status and development direction of electric agglomeration technology for PM 25 removal[J].Clean Coal Technology, 2012, 21(2):6-9
[8]Mizuno A.Electrostatic precipitation[J].IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul, 2000, 7(5):615-24
[9]Jaworek A, Krupa A, Czech T.Modern electrostatic devices and methods for exhaust gas cleaning: a brief review[J].J Electrostic, 2007, 65(3):133-55
[10]Chen T M, Tsai C J, Yan S Y, Li S N.An efficient wet electrostatic precipitator for removing nanoparticles,submicron and micron-sized particles[J].Separation and Purification Technology, 2014, 136(5):27-35
[11]刘建平.燃煤烟气细颗粒物团聚技术研究进展[J].山东化工, 2014, 43(2):36-39
[12]Liu J P.Research progress on fine particle agglomeration technology of coal-fired flue gas[J].SHANDONG CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 2014, 43(2):36-39
[13]陈浩，骆仲泱，江建平，等.燃煤排放及其控制脱除技术[J].科学, 2013, 65(6):34-37
[14]Chen H, Luo Z Y, Jiang J P, et al.Coal-fired emission PM 25 and its control removal technology[J].Science, 2013, 65(6):34-37
[15]颜金培，陈立奇，杨林军，等.声波与相变联合作用下细颗粒脱出的实验研究[J].中国电机工程学报, 2014, 34(20):3282-3288
[16]Yan J P, Chen L Q, Yang L J, et al.Experimental Study on Removal of Fine Particles Under the Combined Effect of Acoustic and Vapor Condensation[J].Proceedings of the CSEE, 2014, 34(20):3282-3288
[17]耿建新，王丽萍，王瑞，等.颗粒物的凝并作用分类初探[J].中国资源综合利用, 2008, 26(5):35-37
[18]Gen J X, Wang L P, Wang R, et al.Preliminary Classification of Coagulation[J].China Resources Comprehensive Utilization, 2008, 26(5):35-37
[19]Chen H, Luo Z Y, Jiang J P, et al.Effect of simultaneous acoustic and electric fields on removal of fine particles emitted from coal combustion[J].Powder Technology, 2015, 281(11):12-19
[20]Fuehs N A.Mechanics of Aerosol[J].New York:Pergamon Press, 1964, 1(2):11-13
[21]Eliasson B, Egli W, Feguson J R, et al.Coagulation of bipolarly charged aerosols in a stack coagulator[J].J Aerosol Sci., 1987, 18(6):869-872
[22]Eliasson B, Egli W.Bipolar coagulation-modeling and application[J].J Aerosol Sci., 1991, 22(4):429-440
[23]Watanabe T, et al.Submicron particle agglomeration by an electrostatic agglomerator[J].Journal of Electrostatics, 1995, 34(4):367-383
[24]Zukeran, YIkeda, Y.Ehara,TIto,T. Takahashi,H. Kawakami,T. Takamatsu.Zukeran,YIkeda,Y. Ehara,T. Ito,T. Takahashi,H. Kawakami,T. Takamatsu,Agglomeration of particles by ac corona discharge[J].Electr. Eng. Japan, 2000, 130(1):30-37
[25]J.ZhuXZhangW.ChenY.ShiK.Yan.Electrostatic precipitation of fine particles with a bipolar pre-charger[J].Journal of Electrostatics, 2010, 68(2):174-178
[26]Bai M D, Wang S L, Chen Z G, Leng H, Mao S L, The effects of sub-micrometer dust charging and coagulation on ESP efficiency by using alternating electric field [J.IEEE Trans Plasma Sci[J].IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2010, 38(2):127-132
[27]J Hautanen, M Kilpel?inen, EI Kauppinen.Electrical Agglomeration of Aerosol Particles in an Alternating Electric Field[J].Aerosol Science and Technology, 1995, 22(2):181-189
[28]Laitinen, JHautanen, J.Keskinen,EKauppinen,J. Jokiniemi,K. Lehtinen,.Laitinen,JHautanen,J. Keskinen,E. Kauppinen,J. Jokiniemi,K. Lehtinen,Bipolar charged aerosol agglomeration with alternating electric field in laminar gas flow[J].J Electrostic, 1996, 38(4):303-315
[29]J Kildes?, V K Bhatia, L Lind.An Experimental Investigation for Agglomeration of Aerosols in Alternating Electric Fields[J].Aerosol Science and Technology, 2007, 23(4):603-610
[30]Hwang, Ba G N, Kim Y G.Particle charging and agglomeration in DC and AC electric fields[J].Journal of Electrostatics, 2004, 61(1):57-68
[31]Kanazawa S, et al.Submicron particle agglomeration and precipitations by using a bipolar charging method[J].Journal of Electrostatics, 1993, 29(3):193-209
[32]Zebel G.Zur theorie des verh altens elektrisch geladener aerosole t,,157: 37-50.[J].Kolloid -Zeitschrif, 1958, 158(3):37-50
[33] Fuchs N A.The Mechanics of Aerosols [M]. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1964.
[34]Smoluchowski M V.Versuch einer mathematischen theorieder koagulationskinetik kolloider losungen[J].Zeitschrift für physikalische Chemie, 1917, 92(5):129-168
[35] 常倩云.细颗粒物荷电凝并脱除多过程强化机理研究 [D]. 浙江：浙江大学 2017.
[36]Chang Q Y.Multi-process enhancement mechanism of fine particle charging, agglomeration and removal [D]. Zhejiang: Zhejiang University.
[37]Wang L, Zhang X.An analytical for the coagulation coefficient of bioplay charged particles by an external electric field with the effect of Coulomb force[J].Journal of Aerosol Science, 2005, 36(36):1050-1055
[38]张向荣, 王连泽, 朱克勤.外电场对荷电颗粒静电凝聚的影响[J].清华大学学报, 2005, 45(8):1107-1109
[39]Zhang X R, Wang L Z, Zhu K Q.Influence of external electric field on the coagulation of electrically charged particles[J].J Tsinghua Univ. (Sci. & Tech), 2005, 45(8):1107-1109
[40]向晓东，陈旺生，幸福堂等.交变电场中电凝并收尘理论与试验研究[J].环境科学学报, 2000, 20(2):187-191
[41]Xiang X D, Chen W S, Xing F D, et al.Theory and experiment of bipolar charged particles coagulation in AC electric field[J].ACTA SCIENTIAE CIRCUMSTANTIAE, 2000, 20(2):187-191
[42] Williams M R, Loyalka S K.Aerosol Science Theory and Practice [M]..New York: Pergamon Press, 1991, :212-215
[43]Koizumi Y, Kawamura M, Tochikubo F, Watanabe T.Estimation of the agglomeration coefficient of bipolar-charged aerosol particles[J].Journal of Electrostatics, 2000, 48(48):93-101
[44]Baihe Tan, Lianze Wang, Ziniu Wu.An approximate for the coagulation coefficient of bioplay charged particles in an alternating electric field[J].Journal of Aerosol Science, 2008, 39(39):793-800
[45]谭百贺, 王连泽, 吴子牛.双极荷电颗粒在外加交变电场中的静电凝聚[J].清华大学学报, 2009, 49(2):301-304
[46]Tan B H, Wang L Z, Wu Z N.Electrostatic coagulation of bipolar-charged particles in an external AC electric field[J].Tsinghua Science and Technology, 2009, 49(2):301-304
[47]Ninomiya Y, Wang Q, Xu S, et al.Effect of additives on the reduction of PM 25 emissions during pulverized coal combustion[J].Energy & Fuels, 2009, 23(7):3412-3417
[48]Takuwa T, Naruse I.Emission control of sodium compounds and their formation mechanisms during coal combustion[J].Proceed-ings of the Combustion Institute, 2007, 31(2):2863-2870
[49] Durham M D, Schlager R D, Ebner T G, et al.Method for removing undesired particles from gas streams: US, US5833736A [P]. 1998, 10-11.
[50]Rajniak P.Experiment study of wet granulation in fluidized bed: Impact of the binder properties on the granule morphology[J].Inter-national Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2007, 334(2):92-102
[51]Mao D M, Edwards J R, Kuznetsov A V, et al.Three-dimensional numerical simulation of a circulating fluidized bed reactor for multi-pollutant control[J].Chemical Engineering Science, 2004, 59(20):4279-4289
[52]Gao Jihui, Liu Jiaxun, Gao Jianmin, et al.Modelling and experimental study on agglomeration of particles from coal combustion in multistage spouted fluidized tower[J].Advanced Powder Technology, 2009, 20(4):375-382
[53]Ye Zhuang, Biswas P.Sub-micrometer Particle Formation and Control in a Bench-scale Pulverized Coal Combustor[J].American Chemical Society, 2001, 27(3):510-516
[54]Torben Sch?fer.Growth mechanisms in melt agglomeration in high shear mixers[J].Powder Technology, 2001, 117(s12):68-82
[55]赵永椿，张军营，魏凤等.燃煤超细颗粒物团聚促进机制的实验研究[J].化工学报, 2007, 58(11):2876-2881
[56]Zhao Y C, Zhang J Y, Wei F, et al.Experimental study on agglomeration of submicron particles from coal combustion[J].Journal of Chemical Industry and Engineering (China), 2007, 58(11):2876-2881
[57] 刘加勋.燃煤飞灰化学团聚实验研究及机理分析 [D]. 哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学, 2008.哈尔滨工业大学, 2008, 1(2):11-16
[58]Liu J X.Experimental study and mechanism analysis on particle spray agglomeration [D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2008.
[59]Fahnoe F, Lindroos A, Abelson R.Aerosol build-up techniques[J].Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 1951, 43(6):1336-1346
[60]Shaw D T, Tu K W.Acoustic particle agglomeration due to hydrodynamic interaction between monodisperse aerosols[J].Journal of Aerosol Science, 1979, 10(3):317-328
[61]Liu S Y, Huang H B, Yan W G.Experimental research on enhanced cyclone separation of acoustic agglomerated particles[J].Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology, 2000, 9(1):61-65
[62]姚刚，赵兵，沈湘林.燃煤可吸入颗粒物声波团聚效果的实验研究和数值分析[J].热能动力工程, 2006, 21(2):175-216
[63]Yao G, Zhao B, Shen X L.Experimental Study and Numerical Analysis of the Acoustic Agglomeration Effectiveness of Inhalable Particles of Burned Coal[J].JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING FOR THERMAL ENERGY AND POWER, 2006, 21(2):175-178
[64]张明俊，凡凤仙.细颗粒物的声凝并数值模拟研究进展[J].化工进展, 2012, 31(8):1671-1676
[65]Zhang M J, Fan F X.Progress and prospect in numerical simulation on acoustic agglomeration of fine particles[J].CHEMICAL INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING PROGRESS, 2012, 31(8):1671-1676
[66] Cheng M T.Sonic agglomeration of ammonium-chloride aerosols in intense sound fields[D].Phd Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 1981..Phd Thesis: State University of New York at Buffalo, 1981, 2(5):162-165
[67] Mednikov E P.Acoustic coagulation and precipitation of aerosols [M].New York: Consultants Bureau, 1965.
[68]Temkin S.Gasdynamic agglomeration of aerosols IAcoustic waves[J].Physics of Fluid, 1994, 6(7):294-2303
[69]Song L, Koopmann G H, Hoffmann T L.An improved theoretical model of acoustic agglomeration[J].Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 1994, 116(2):208-214
[70]Chen C.Study on the effect of acoustic agglomeration of monodispersed standard-Size aerosols[J].Feng Chia University, Taiwan, 2004, 3(-):89-91
[71]Hoffmann T L, Koopmann G H.Visualization of acoustic particle interaction and agglomeration: Theory and experiments[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1996, 99(4):2130-2141
[72]Hoffmann T L, Koopmann G H.Visualization of acoustic particle interaction and agglomeration: Theory evaluation[J].The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 1997, 101(6):3421-3429
[73]Hoffmann T L.An extended kernel for acoustic agglomeration simulation based on the acoustic wake effect[J].Journal of Aerosol Science, 1997, 28(6):919-936
[74]King L V.On the acoustic radiation pressure on spheres[J].Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series A, 1934, 147(861):212-240
[75]Danilov S D.Average force on a small sphere in a travelling wave field in a viscous fluid[J].Soviet Physics-Acoustics, 1985, 31(1):26-28
[76] 陈厚涛.声波团聚增强燃烧源细颗粒物排放控制的研究[D]. 南京：东南大学, 2009.
[77]Chen H T.Study on Acoustic Agglomeration Enhancing Emission Control of Fine Particles in Combustion Sources [D]. Nanjing: Southeast University, 2009.