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过程工程学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 19 ›› Issue (5): 853-864.DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.219221

• 新中国成立70周年特邀 • 上一篇    下一篇

废锂离子电池中锂提取技术研究进展

徐 平1,2， 陈 钦1， 张西华1,2*， 曹宏斌2， 王景伟1， 张 懿2， 孙 峙2*   

  1. 1. 上海第二工业大学电子废弃物研究中心，资源循环科学与工程中心，上海电子废弃物资源化协同创新中心，上海 201209 
    2. 中国科学院过程工程研究所环境技术与工程研究部，绿色过程与工程重点实验室，北京市过程污染控制工程技术研究中心，北京 100190
  • 收稿日期:2019-06-05 修回日期:2019-06-29 出版日期:2019-10-22 发布日期:2019-10-22
  • 通讯作者: 张西华 xhzhang@ipe.ac.cn
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金资助项目;国家自然科学基金资助项目;国家重点研发计划;中国博士后科学基金

Research advances on lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries

Ping XU1,2, Qin CHEN1, Xihua ZHANG1,2*, Hongbin CAO2, Jingwei WANG1, Yi ZHANG2, Zhi SUN2*   

  1. 1. WEEE Research Centre, Research Center of Resource Recycling Science and Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for WEEE Recycling, Shanghai 201209, China 
    2. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Division of Environment Technology and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • Received:2019-06-05 Revised:2019-06-29 Online:2019-10-22 Published:2019-10-22

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摘要： 作为一种关键原材料，锂是生产新能源汽车锂离子电池必需的战略金属。随着新能源汽车产业的快速发展，对锂的需求量持续骤增。然而，我国锂矿石等一次资源储量低，对外依存度目前已高达70%，难以满足快速增长的市场需求，供需矛盾日渐突出。因此，高效清洁提取废锂离子电池中的锂必将成为锂资源的重要补充，对有效避免废锂离子电池对生态环境和人体健康的二次污染风险、保障战略金属锂的安全供给和新能源汽车行业的可持续发展意义重大。鉴于湿法冶金具有回收率高、回收产物纯度高、能耗低等优点，本研究综述了近年来以湿法冶金为主提取废锂离子电池中锂的研究进展，重点分析了废锂离子电池预处理、浸出、锂分离与提取的主要方法及其优缺点，并提出了进一步强化选择性提取锂相关技术研发及废锂离子电池全组分清洁利用的建议，同时对废锂离子电池回收工艺的发展趋势及前景进行了展望。

关键词: 锂离子电池, 湿法冶金, 锂, 提取

Abstract: As a category of critical raw materials (CRMs), lithium is an indispensable strategic metal during the manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) based power batteries for electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Consequently, the demand for lithium has dramatically increased during the last decade along with the rapid development of EVs and HEVs in China. However, the reserves of primary lithium resources such as lithium ores in China are scarce, and their corresponding external dependence is higher than 70%. As a result, the primary lithium resources can hardly satisfy the ever-increasing market demand, and the contradiction between supply and demand in becoming more and more obvious. Therefore, recovery of lithium from the spent LIBs in an efficient and environment-friendly manner will become a vital supplement for primary lithium resources in the future, which is also very important for avoiding the secondary pollution risk to the ecological environment and human health. The hydrometallurgical processes are characterized as higher recycling efficiency, higher purity of the obtained product and lower energy consumption. In this work, the recent progress of lithium extraction from spent LIBs mainly based on hydrometallurgical processes was reviewed. In the process of pretreatment, leaching, separation and purification of lithium, the main methods and their corresponding advantages and disadvantages were emphasized. Finally, some suggestions were put forward, such as further strengthening the research and development on related technologies and processes of selective extraction of lithium, and cleaner utilization of full components of the spent LIBs. In addition, the development tendency of recycling processes for the spent LIBs was prospected, which can provide research directions and alternative solutions for the spent LIBs recycling in the academic, industrial and administrative sectors.

Key words: Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), Hydrometallurgy, Lithium, Recovery