The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering

Fluidization science and technology at institute of process engineering?60th anniversary celebration for the foundation of Institute of Process Engineering

Hongzhong LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 657-668. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.218192

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Institute of Process Engineering (IPE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) has undergone for 60 years since its foundation in 1958. This institute upholds the policies of Chinese Academy of Sciences, turns herself always to be in the directions of scientific frontline, great requirements of country and major fronts of national economy, and by far has acquired a series of important achievements in applied basic researches and industrial applications, especially in fluidization sciences and technologies. Under the direction of the earlier institute director Kwauk Mooson, IPE has constantly been in the internationally leading position in the area of fluidization science and technology. This paper briefly reviews a series of important achievements on fluidization theory and application at IPE. They are, for example, the generalized fluidization, idealized bubbleless fluidization, paticulatization of gas solids fluidization, relationship between structure and transfer in fluidized bed, energy-minimization multi-scale method, and micro fluidized bed characterization and definition in theory respect, and fluidized roasting of Chinese iron ores, fluidized bed pyrolysis of coal, fluidized reduction of Chinese manganese ores, low-NOx dual fluidized bed decoupling combustion of N-rich fuels, low-tar two-stage fluidization gasification, and computational simulation scale-up of MIP circulating fluidized bed reactor in dustrial application respect. This paper presents as a gift to the 60th anniversary of the IPE’s foundation, in order to impel us to inherit and to develop the truthful, pragmatic, patriotic, dedicated spirit of older scientists, and to make greater achievements in scientific research.

Advance in the research of flame propagation in the microchannels

Zheng WANG Xiangdi ZHAO Guoxin CHEN Shuai YANG Qingshan HUANG Fuhua JIANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 669-679. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217416

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Both the microcombustor and the quenching units of the flame arrestors are microchannels containing combustible gas burning. Although the researches on the microcombustor are abundant, the study of the quenching units in the flame arrestors is relatively scarce. In this work the principal factors affecting the flame propagation in the microchannels are summarized. It is shown that a more systematic study is desired to settle the disputes. The advance of the mathematical model for the flame propagation in the microchannels is reviewed. It is proposed that the fluid flow pattern in the microchannel is worth discussing. It is determined that the flow in the flame arrestor is turbulent under high-speed detonation conditions. The combination of the Reynolds stress model with the laminar finite rate model is recommended here to be employed for the numerical simulation of detonation flame propagation in the flame arrestors. A density-based algorithm is recommended. In the concluding remark, research achievements and shortcomings in the investigation of flame propagation in the microchannels are pointed out, and the outlook is also addressed.

Progress in pressure drop of fluid in microchannels

Xiaohan YANG Taotao FU Shaokun JIANG Chunying ZHU Youguang MA

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 680-688. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217406

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From the perspective of the microchannel configuration, recent research progresses of pressure drop for fluids in constant cross-section microchannels, varying cross-section microchannels, and complex microchannels were reviewed. The research progress of Hagen?Poiseuille's law in straight microchannels was discussed. The effect of the variation of cross section of microchannels on the pressure drop was analyzed, and difficulties on the research on the pressure drop of fluids in microchannels with complex configurations were summarized. The influences of viscosity, slippage, characteristic scale and measurement methods on pressure drop were discussed. The results give insights into the construction of the prediction model of pressure drop of fluids in microchannels. The perspectives of this field were expected.

Separation performance optimization of wave-plate mist eliminator based on response surface methodology

Weiwei MA Xiaolin WU Zhongli JI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 689-696. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217369

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The influences of different drainage structures on the gas?liquid separation performance of wave-plate mist eliminator were analyzed and the parameters of drainage structure were optimized by response surface methodology. The single factor experiment was used to select the key parameters which had significant influence on the performance of the mist eliminator. The multivariate regression model was established using center compound design experiment in order to analyz the interaction of parameters which had influence on mist eliminator performance coefficient. The results showed that the key parameters which had significant influence on the performance of the mist eliminator and their values were separation gas velocity 2.6 m/s, height of drainage hook 7.3 mm, width of front-drainage pocket 3.1 mm and width of rear-drainage pocket 2.3 mm. The calculated value of mist eliminator performance coefficient was 2.073 while the test value was 1.875 which indicated that the optimization result of response surface methodology was credible.

Thermocapillary migration of heterogeneous droplets with unidirectional temperature gradient

Yuan ZHONG Haicun DU Ying ZHANG Huiying PENG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 697-703. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217349

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The phenomenon of thermocapillary migration of the heterogeneous droplets of paraffin oil and deionized water in different proportions placed on the metal substrate surface driven by the nonuniform temperature field was investigated, a theoretical model was set up. The morphological changes of the droplets driven by temperature gradient from the high temperature region to the low temperature region were recorded by high-speed camera. The results showed that the contact angle of heterogeneous droplets decreased with the rising of temperature and the wettability was enhanced. The migration velocity of heterogeneous droplets decreased with the increasing of viscosity and increased with the increasing of temperature gradient, and the difference of velocities under different viscosities increased with the increasing of temperature gradient. The variation trend of migration velocities with time decreased rapidly, and then slowly decreased to 0. The relationship between the migration velocity and the Marangoni number (Ma) was derived and verified, which indicated that the migration velocity increased markedly with the increasing of Ma. The greater the Ma was, the higher the matching degree between the experimental and simulation results were.

Determination of effective interfacial area and local liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient of novel compound rotating zigzag bed by chemical absorption method

Kangsheng GENG Yumin LI Jiadong LU Pengzhen LIU Jun WANG Jianbing JI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 704-709. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217401

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The effective interfacial area and the local liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient of the novel compound rotating zigzag bed were determined by absorbing of CO2 gas with different concentrations of NaOH solution, the effects of liquid volumetric flow rate, gas volumetric flow rate and rotational speed were investigated. The results showed that effective interfacial area and local liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient in the novel compound rotating zigzag bed increased with the increase of liquid volumetric flow rate, gas volumetric flow rate and rotational speed. Compared with the rotating zigzag bed, the effective interfacial area of the novel compound rotating zigzag bed increased by 7%~159%, however, the local liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient reduced by 7.7%~18.2%. Eventually, the local volumetric liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient increased by 4%~132%.

Leaching process of boron from boron concentrate by sodium bicarbonate solution

Yuhua LI Shengyang KUANG Yifei ZHANG Jing BO Pengfei LIU Licong DENG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 710-715. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217353

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Leaching process of B from calcined boron concentrate in NaHCO3 solution was studied. The effects of mass ratio of liquid to solid, sodium bicarbonate consumption, reaction temperature, time and stirring speed on leaching of boron were examined. The results showed that under the optimum conditions of mass ratio of liquid to solid of 2.1:1, sodium bicarbonate consumption of theoretical amount of 150%, leaching temperature of 100℃, leaching time of 1 h, stirring speed of 400 r/min, leaching rate of B reached 92.88%. The morphology of calcined boron concentrate is mainly columnar and flat crystal, which is attached with some small particles. The boron sludge is a lot of little crystals that stack together, and the particle size of boron sludge is smaller. Therefore, it is speculated that leaching process of B from calcined boron concentrate in NaHCO3 solution can be described by the shrinking core model. The major phases in the calcined boron concentrate were suanite, lizardite, phlogopite and olivine, and with the suanite phase disappearing, the major phases in the boron sludge were MgCO3 and Na2Mg(CO3)2.

Removal of arsenic in lignite fly ash by nitric acid

Dajie HAN Shuhua MA Xiaohui WANG Jian DING Shili ZHENG Yang LUO Fen GUO

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 716-721. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217365

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Based on the occurrence of arsenic in lignite fly ash, a new acid removal method for some arsenic in fly ash was established. The effects of reaction temperature, time and pH on the arsenic removal rate were investigated. The results showed that most of arsenic in lignite fly ash was enriched on the surface of lignite fly ash and existed in the form of arsenate such as calcium arsenate. The arsenic removal rate was inversely proportional to the pH value and the reaction temperature. Considering the factors such as the arsenic removal rate and the dissolution rate, the optimum conditions for acid removal of arsenic were pH=1, reaction temperature 20℃, reaction time 1 h, the arsenic removal rate was 66.34%.

Enhanced copper dissolution by integrating anodic oxidation and cathodic oxidation process in acidic solution

Yunting WANG Yudong XUE Shili ZHENG Chunhui ZHANG Wei JIN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 722-727. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217336

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A novel integrated direct and indirect electrochemical copper dissolution was developed. Indirect oxidation process on the cathode is attributed to the H2O2 and ?OH via oxygen reduction reaction and Fenton-like reaction, respectively. The results indicated that large amount of reactive species can be electro-generated to accelerate the dissolution of copper under the optimum conditions of preset potential 0.25 V or current density 6 mA/cm2, respectively.

Treatment of nitrobenzene-containing wastewater by O₃/Fenton in high gravity

Pengfei YANG Ying LIU Weizhou JIAO Youzhi LIU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 728-734. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217344

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A study on treatment of nitrobenzene-containing wastewater with O3/Fenton in high gravity was carried out in a rotating packed bed (RPB). The effects of Fenton reagent dosing times, high gravity factor β, liquid flow rate, initial pH, Fe2+ dosage, molar ratio of H2O2 to Fe2+ on the removal rate of nitrobenzene were studied. The results showed that the removal rate of nitrobenzene and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reached 99.6% and 87.6%, respectively under the following reaction conditions: nitrobenzene concentration of 175 mg/L, reaction temperature of 25℃, ozonemass concentration of 40 mg/L, gas flow rate of 75 L/h, Fenton reagent dosing of 3 times, initial pH of 4.5, high gravity factor of 80, liquid flow rate of 140 L/h, Fe2+ dosage of 1 mmol/L, molar ratio of H2O2 to Fe2+ of 5, and reaction time of 40 min. Under the similar experimental conditions, the removal rate of nitrobenzene and COD increased by 36.3% and 6.5% compared with RPB-Fenton, increased by 7.2% and 47.1% compared with RPB-O3, increased by 11.3% and 47.8% compared with BR (bubbling reactor)-O3/Fenton, respectively.

Measurement method and application of thermophysical properties of solid materials based on enantiomorphous heat-source principle

Qinghua CHEN Guoyong SU Yangbin MA Kuosheng JIANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 735-742. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.218109

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Based on the parallel hot-wire method and the principle of enantiomorphous heat-source, a new model for measuring the thermophysical parameters of solid materials was proposed. On the basis of the principle of hotline test, the existence of virtual mirror heat-source at the symmetrical position of the real heat-source was taken as the boundary of the adiabatic boundary of the specimen, so as to eliminate the influence of the heat accumulation effect caused by the adiabatic boundary. Therefore, the test can no longer limit the experimental time and sample thickness. When the calculation results of the thermal physical parameters in the adjacent time were greater than that of the criteria proposed, the mirror heat-source was introduced to correct the calculated temperature. In order to avoid the dependence of the thermal physical parameters on the calculated value at the initial stage of the experiment, the measured temperature was corrected by the model two times. Asbestos as the research object, through the theoretical analysis combined with numerical calculation, shows that there was a difference between the two correction results, but the difference was not large and the second correction of the thermophysical parameters of the calculation results more stable. The thermal property test applied to the asbestos board, marble, borosilicate glass, silica brick and other 4 kinds of thin and thick material. The results showed that it was consistent with the measured values of other methods in the literature, and the maximum error was less than 5%. This test method was validated for the thin plate samples and thick plate samples, effectively improving the hot wire method test accuracy and expanding the scope of application.

Effect of alkali metal on gasification reaction of coke with CO₂ and steam

Ping WANG Yu WU Hongming LONG Zhanxia DI Jiaxin LI Rufei WEI Shucai YU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 743-749. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217373

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The effects of K/Na on the gasification reaction of coke with CO2 or steam were studied by self-made gas?solid reaction device. The results showed that the effect of K/Na on coke gasification reaction with CO2 is stronger than that with steam. While the content of Na in coke increased from 0.045wt% to 0.727wt%, the reactivity index of coke with CO2 and steam increased by 23.17% and 14.35% respectively, and the coke strength decreased by 27.55% and 18.31% respectively after reaction. With the increase of K/Na content in coke, the apparent start temperature, severe reaction temperature and apparent activation energy of coke gasification reaction with CO2 and steam were obviously reduced. While the content of Na in coke increased from 0.045wt% to 0.727wt%, the apparent start temperature of coke gasification reaction with CO2 and steam ahead of 170 and 20℃ respectively, and the severe reaction temperature ahead of 165 and 80℃ respectively. While the content of Na in coke increased from 0.045wt% to 0.326wt%, the apparent activation energy of coke gasification reaction with CO2 and steam decreased by 22.56 and 9.26 kJ/mol respectively.

Effect of pressure on the reduction performance of the mixture of Ni-based oxygen carrier and Cu?Fe-based oxygen carrier

Qiang TIAN Lixin CHE Bin DING Shuqiang SHI Qingquan SU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 750-756. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217404

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A new chemical-looping combustion process based on fixed beds, which was characterised by integrating methane steam reforming into the reduction step, were proposed. A mixture of Ni-based oxygen carrier and Cu?Fe-based oxygen carrier was prepared and its low temperature reduction performance was investigated at different pressures. The results showed that the conversion rates of oxygen carrier and CH4 were both improved with elevating reaction pressure. The lower limit temperature of the operation was lowered from 600℃ at 0.1 MPa to 525℃ at 0.9 MPa. In addition, after 20 cycle at 900℃, the performance of oxygen carrier did not degrade and no carbon deposition and sintering occurred, although the pressure drop in the oxidation step increased faster at 0.9 MPa than that at 0.1 MPa.

Determination of sulfhydryl content in CTS?GSH through near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

Peng ZHANG Yulu Wang Guocheng ZHU Zhaojie JIAO Wei ZHANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 757-763. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217390

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The thiolated chitosan (CTS?GSH) was synthesized via the amidation reaction of chitosan (CTS) with reduced glutathione (GSH). A total of 56 samples were scanned with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) instrument. The characteristic absorption peaks of each band were selected as independent variables, and sulfhydryl content as the dependent variable, the partial least squares (PLS) model was established. Sulfhydryl content was predicted by the PLS, and predicted values were compared with measured values. The results showed that the correlation coefficient of the measured and predicated values of sulfhydryl content was more than 0.9, presenting a good forecasting performance of the model. The difference between the predicted and measured values was nonsignificant, suggesting the feasibility of predicting sulfhydryl content in CTS?GSH through NIRS.

Thermophysical properties and corrosivity of CaCl₂-LiBr-LiNO₃-KNO₃/H₂O working pair

Na LI Chunhuan LUO Qingquan SU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 764-768. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217382

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提出CaCl2?LiBr?LiNO3?KNO3(质量比16.2:2:2:1)/H2O新型工质对，测定了其结晶温度和饱和蒸汽压，并与LiBr/H2O进行比较，采用浸泡法测定了碳钢、316L不锈钢和紫铜在CaCl2?LiBr?LiNO3?KNO3/H2O中的腐蚀速率. 结果表明，CaCl2?LiBr? LiNO3?KNO3/H2O作为工质对用于太阳能单级吸收式制冷循环时，在相同制冷工况下，其太阳能集热温度比LiBr/H2O工质对降低6.2℃，316L不锈钢和紫铜的腐蚀性非常小，可满足实际工程应用要求.

Ignition characteristics of heptane-based nanofluid fuel droplets

Weikang HAN Yunlan SUN Baozhong ZHU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 769-773. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.218113

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The effects of various concentrations of nanoaluminum powder and surfactant (oleic acid) on the ignition characteristics of heptane-based nanofluid fuel as suspend droplets were investigated. Two thermocouples were employed to measure the droplet temperature and the gas temperature near the droplet when the resistance furnace temperature was 500℃. The results showed that the ignition temperature increased significantly with the increase of oleic acid concentration. The ignition temperature decreased significantly with increasing nanoaluminum concentration.

Magnetization roasting?magnetic separation of cyanide tailings based on high intensity magnetic preconcentration

Pingfeng FU Zhenyu LI Zhenzhong BIAN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 774-778. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217357

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The combined process, high intensity magnetic preconcentration?magnetization roasting?magnetic separation, was used to prepare iron concentrate from roasted cyanide tailings with TFe grade of 30.71% in Henan province. The results showed that rough iron concentrate with TFe grade of 44.96% and recovery rate of 78.27% was obtained with high intensity magnetic separation at the magnetic field intensity of 1511.54 kA/m. The rough iron concentrate mixed with 10wt% coke powder was roasted at 750℃ for 45 min. The roasted product was further treated with two-stage grinding and two-stage magnetic separation. The iron concentrate with TFe grade of 61.71% and recovery rate of 68.66% was obtained at the grinding fineness of less than 0.028 mm of 63.9%. Magnetic separation tailings, with a yield of 16.79%, could be classified as common industrial solid wastes due to no residual cyanides. Some hematite was not reduced at the temperature of below 700℃,and reduced magnetite could be further transformed to magnesioferrite, fayalite and wustite at the temperature of above 800℃, which reduced the content of magnetite and resulted in loss of iron in the magnetic separation. As the roasting temperature was 750℃, the highest content of magnetite in roasted samples was achieved.

Kinetics of N-isopropyl hydroxylamine deoxygenation reaction

Bingfei HU Zhengsheng MA Pei ZHAO Yu FANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 779-784. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217405

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The kinetics of the reaction of N-isopropyl hydroxylamine (IPHA) and free oxygen in deionized water was studied. With 15% NaOH aqueous solution was used as a pH adjuster. By observing the variation of free oxygen concentration in water with time under different pH values, different reaction temperatures and different IPHA dosages, a kinetic model of IPHA deoxygenation reaction was established. After the analysis of the data on oxygen concentration over time under different conditions and study on the reaction mechanism of the reaction free oxygen in water with IPHA, the established kinetic model was simplified and optimized. Meanwhile this kinetic equation of the reaction between IPHA and free oxygen was deduced. After the analysis of the data on oxygen concentration over time under different conditions，this reaction was a pseudo first order reaction and the activation energy of the reaction was Ea=71.09052 kJ/mol. In this system of reaction, a certain concentration of hydroxide ions would strongly promote the reaction of IPHA and free oxygen in water. However, the concentration of hydroxide ions in the system before and after the reaction remains basically unchanged. Based on the study of chemical kinetics of the reaction free oxygen in water with IPHA, this results of the reaction free oxygen in water with IPHA under weakly basic conditions IPHA had features of fast reaction rate, and low activation energy required for the reaction, it was further confirmed IPHA having good reducibility. This work fills the gap between the domestic and international deoxygenation kinetics of IPHA, and provides a reliable theoretical basis for the industrial application of IPHA as an oxygen scavenger. At the same time, a certain pilot work has been done for the application of the redox initiation system of the subsequent IPHA in acrylic series aqueous solution radical polymerization in this process.

Thermal conductivity property of metal based silicone resin coating composite

Ganqiang WANG Jingfu WANG Xinxin ZHANG Tao ZHANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 785-791. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217341

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The epoxy silicone resin was modified using zinc powder as heat conducting filler. Effect of zinc powder mass fraction on the thermal conductivity of modified epoxy organosilicon dry film coating was researched and the effect of coating thickness on the thermal conductivity of carbon steel was analyzed. The results showed that The thermal conductivity of silicone coating is around 0.19 W/(m?K), and heat-resistant temperature is above 200℃. Thus, the coating can ensure the long-term coating work in the low temperature flue gas waste heat recovery heat exchanger surface without any thermal reaction. Addition of zinc powder can improve the thermal conductivity of modified epoxy organosilicon coating. As the zinc powder content is 25wt%, the thermal conductivity of the coating material can increase 84% to 0.35 W/(m?K). Generally, with the increase of coating thickness, the thermal conductivity of metal matrix composite silicone coating decreases. The thermal conductivity of uncoated carbon steel was 47.59 W/(m?K), and the thermal conductivity of the coated carbon steel decreased to 34.33 W/(m?K) when the coating thickness was 200 μm.

Preparation of activated carbon from sludge and sawdust with ZnCl₂ as activator

Dongqiang WU Peiyong MA Song HU Xianjun XING Xianwen ZHANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 792-798. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217400

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The sludge based activated carbon was prepared by activation of ZnCl2 in a pyrolytic furnace with the sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants and sawdust. And single factor experiments were conducted to explain the effects of four factors, sawdust addition rate, material salt ratio, activation temperature and activation time, on the adsorption performance of sludge activated carbon. The results showed that the optimum adsorption capacity of activated carbon can reach 679.25 mg/g when the mass fraction of the sawdust in the mixture 20%, the material/salt mass ratio of 2, the activation temperature of 550℃ and the activation time of 15 min, respectively. The sludge activated carbon has developed pore structure, the specific surface area up to 609.68 m2/g, the total pore volume comes to 0.51 cm3/g, and the average pore size is 3.51 nm.

The characterization of electrospun fibers and its gas?liquid filtration performance

Qiangqiang QI Xiaolin WU Feng CHEN Zhongli JI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 799-808. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217381

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3-Layers composite filters with glass fiber/polyacrylonitrile fiber/glass fiber structure were constructed by electrospinning the solutions prepared by polyacrylonitrile and dimethylformamide. The effects of electrospinning parameters such as solution concentration and spinning voltage on fiber morphology and the filtration performance were investigated. The results showed that nanofibers of different morphologies can be prepared by controlling the concentration of spinning solution, and the larger the fiber size with increasing the solution concentration. The spinning voltage had little effect on fiber morphology, but increasing spinning voltage can reduce the pore size of the electrospun fiber layer. Compared with glass fiber filter, the filtration efficiency of composite filters were improved significantly. The maximum steady-state efficiency can be increased by 21%, and the efficiency of most penetrate paticles size can be increased by 39%. However, when the pore size of composite filter was small, the process pressure drop showed a jump stage where the liquid film is formed on the surface of the nanofiber layer, leading to an increase in the stady-state pressure drop.

High yield synthesis process and performance of prussian blue cathode materials for sodium ion batteries

Liqi SUN Xiaomin YAN Wan TANG Yushi HE Zifeng MA Xiaozhen LIAO

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 809-814. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217403

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A high yield preparation method for prussian blue (PB) by using perchlorate precursors was explored. The influence of compositions of the precursor solution, preparation temperature, sodium salt addition and impurities in the final products on the electrochemical properties of final PB products were investigated. The results showed that the existence of impurities lead to a slight decrease of specific capacity. For PB material prepared using FeCl2 precursor, electrochemical performance of the unwashed sample was obvious inferior to that of the washed sample due to the existence of NaCl impurity. On the other hand, for the PB material prepared by using Fe(ClO4)2 precursor, initial discharge capacity of PB product without being clean washed was slightly lower than being washed but showed better cycling stability due to the existence of small amount of NaClO4 impurity. The unwash synthesis route leads to a high yield of PB product.

Effects of Si/F/K/Na impurities on the crystallization of calcium sulfate

Xu LI Ganyu ZHU Xiaokang GONG Shaopeng LI Bingbing LIU Huiquan LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 815-820. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217389

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The effects of impurities such as Si, F, K and Na on the crystallization process of calcium sulfate in wet-process phosphoric acid were investigated. The results showed that two types of alkali metals had different effects on the crystallization of calcium sulfate. The addition of K was beneficial for the growth and agglomeration of the crystals, and the increase of Na content inhibited the agglomeration of calcium sulfate. The particle size was barely affected by the amount of silica except the irregular shape, and the addition of H2SiF6 can lead to the diversion of the particles. K2SiF6 had a synergistic effect on the particles to improve the growth of calcium sulfate crystals.

Preparation of PVC-MnO₂ and its adsorption behavior to Li ion

Hongyan WANG Kai HUANG Yusheng ZHANG Shili ZHENG Yi ZHANG Ping LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 821-827. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217358

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MnCO3 and Li2CO3 as raw materials were mixed and calcined to prepare Li4Mn5O12 powders, which was further added into the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) solutions to form suspensions. The suspensions were dried and acid-washed to obtain spherical PVC?MnO2 with 3?4 mm size. PVC?MnO2 was used to adsorption Li ion. The results showed that the adsorption of Li ion onto PVC?MnO2 followed the Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second order kinetic equation. The enthalpy change (0.358 kJ/mol) was positive indicating the adsorption of Li ion onto PVC?MnO2 was an endothermic reaction, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Li ion was 23.4 mg/g.

Synthesis of La-doped ZnO and its photocatalytic degradation to malachite green

Zhiming TIAN Xinyue WANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 828-833. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217436

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La/ZnO catalysts with different La doping amounts were prepared by sol?gel method. The microstructures and properties of La/ZnO were characterized. Using malachite green solution as the dye model, the photocatalytic degradation of the catalyst was studied. The results indicated that ZnO was hexagonal wurtzite structure, and La3+ was uniformly distributed on the ZnO nanoparticles in the form of small La2O3 clusters. La/ZnO had good catalytic activity when the molar ratio of La:Zn=0.05. The degradation rate of malachite green reached 98.8% within 2 h under 300 W mercury lamp illumination. The degradation rate up to 90.4% under 300 W xenon lamp irradiation 2 h, increased by 51.2% than ZnO due to La doping.

Preparation of environmentally friendly styrene butadiene rubber using chemical modified desulfurization ash replacing partial carbon black and its properties

Hao ZHANG Xinyu ZHANG Xiuyu LIU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 834-838. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217367

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Desulfurization ash was chemical modified by silane coupling agents Si69 and KH550, then environmentally friendly styrene butadiene rubber was prepared using chemical modified desulfurization ash replacing partial carbon black. The optimization model was established by uniform design combination with BP neural network to acquire parameter of optimal environmentally friendly styrene butadiene rubber. Optimal environmentally friendly styrene butadiene rubber was characterized. The results showed that the preparation parameters of optimal environmentally friendly styrene butadiene rubber were contents of silane coupling agents Si69 4.3wt% and KH550 3.8wt%, content of absolute ethyl alcohol 22.1wt%, stirring speed 705 r/min and reaction temperature 82℃. The mechanical properties of optimal environmentally friendly styrene butadiene rubber were tensile strength 19.64 MPa, tear strength 44.96 kN/m and Shore A hardness 66. The experimental results were good agreement with the predict results, relative error was 3.03%?2.65%.

Optimizing preparation of electrospun phase change and humidity storage fibers based on uniform design

Hao ZHANG Dayou ZHU Xiuyu LIU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 839-844. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217364

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Phase change and humidity storage fibers was prepared with cellulose acetate as coating materials, polyethylene glycol 800 as phase change materials, N,N-dimethylacetamide and acetone as solvent by electrospinning method. The effects of every factor on comprehensive thermal and humidity properties of electrospun phase change and humidity storage fibers were studied based on uniform design and multivariate nonlinear regression. The results showed that primary and secondary sequence of factors on comprehensive thermal and humidity properties were content of polyethylene glycol 800?content of N,N-dimethylacetamide?content of cellulose acetate?reaction temperature?drying temperature. The optimization program were mass ratios of N,N-dimethylacetamide to acetone of 0.226, cellulose acetate to acetone of 0.1392 and polyethylene glycol 800 to acetone of 0.1624, reaction temperature 37.8℃ and drying temperature 60.4℃.

Preparation of biodiesel from corn oil assisted by microwave and reaction kinetics of esterification

Dejin ZHANG Yong XIE Mengyu LI Kaibing XU Jingling WU Huanhuan SUN Jiaheng Tong

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 845-850. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217363

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Assisted by microwave, biodiesel was synthesized using corn oil and methanol as the raw materials and concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst. Effect of time, temperature, volume of catalyst and microwave power on the esterification yield was investigated. The synthetic process parameters were optimized based on single factor experiment, and kinetics of esterification reaction was investigated. The results indicated the optimum process conditions were reaction temperature of 72.0℃, reaction time of 17.5 min, catalyst dosage of 8.5vol% of corn oil and microwave power of 200 W. The esterification yield was 77.6% under these conditions. The order and the activation energy of the esterification reaction were obtained as 1.28 and 1.79 J/mol respectively, and the kinetic model was established as r=8.214e?1.792/RTC1.28.

Analysis on pyrolysis process and physicochemical properties of char fuels deprived from corn cobs

Xingwei YANG Maoli YANG Hai AN Haisheng CHEN Shaopeng ZHANG Zhisong LIANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 851-857. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217376

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The effect of pyrolysis temperature on the physicochemical properties of corn cob char fuel as well as the pyrolysis mechanism were investigated. Moreover, the bio-char fuels were characterized by FT-IR, XRD and SEM, thoroughly analyzing the effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical components, functional groups’ distribution and aromatization degree of corn cob chars. The results showed that the fixed carbon and ash contents increased, volatile matter, moisture content and char yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Heat value increased firstly and tended to decline later with the increase of temperature. Carbonyl and aliphatic functional groups were gradually destroyed, crystallinity and aromatization degree of chars increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The characterization of chars were heat value above 32 MJ/kg, char yield above 24%, fixed carbon above 80% and ash content of chars below 4% corresponding to the pyrolysis temperature of 500℃. Furthermore, chars obtained under 500℃ were endowed with developed porous structures, each index parameter was close to or superior to those of market sold char fuels. 233~533℃ was the temperature range in which volatile matter released the most drastically, it was characterized by reaction order of 1.5 level. When pyrolysis temperature increased from 233~353℃ to 353~533℃, the apparent activation energy decreased from 68.15 kJ/mol to 37.25 kJ/mol, correspondingly.

Feasibility analysis for lead recovery in cylinder-shape, single-chamber microbial fuel cell with stainless steel electrodes

Tao BO Min JI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 858-865. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217366

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A cylinder-shape single-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) with stainless steel electrodes was employed for removing Pb2+ from artificial wastewater containing Pb2+. With initial Pb2+ concentration of 40 mg/L and pH=4.0 under fed-batch model, the Pb2+ removal rate and efficiency were 0.53±0.06 mg/(L?h) and 96.71%±1.35%, respectively. And Pb2+ was recovered through the form of hydrocerussite. Meanwhile, in the process of Pb2+ removal, Pb2+ was reduced to elemental lead in MFC, and then was transformed to hydrocerussite in air. But the electrochemical performance of MFC showed lower level. Output voltate, power density and columbic efficiency were only 30.62±1.04 mV, 8.20±0.24 mW/m2 and 5.92%±0.21%, respectively.

Microbial characterization of micro polluted source water containing microcystin pretreatment with biological aerated filter

Wenyi ZHANG Yichao WANG Qingqing CAI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 866-871. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217354

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The microbial characteristics of biodegradation of organic compounds containing nitrogen and microcystin LR (MC-LR) was researched with the biofilm of biological aerated filter (BAF) reactor surface as the research object, by the means of microscopic examination, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA), high-throughput sequencing and others. The results showed that the microbial community on the biofilm of BAF was extremely rich in the micro-polluted source water of low carbon source, formed the microbial community consists of aerobic bacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria and other bacteria. In the first 2 weeks, the microflora on the biofilm had 17 major genera and 6 species. In the 3 to 4 weeks, the microflora will increase to 43 major genera and 14 species. There also were protists such as nematodes, paramecium and daphnia. The dominant species were Sphaerotilus (2.41%?24.58%), Aeromonas (4.16%?12.59%), Cloacibacterium (1.85%?12.39%), Aquabacterium (1.53%?6.76%), Hydrogenophaga (1.12%?5.9%), Methyloversatilis (0.53%?1.52%), Rhodobacter (0.09%?1.39%), etc. In addition, the content of bacillus increased from the initial 0.16% to 1.97% after the addition of T1 degrading bacteria, which showed that bacillus grew rapidly and became dominant population after adding T1 degrading bacteria, thus enhancing the degradation of MC-LR.

Novel method of buoy-bead flotation for harvesting micro-algae and its performance

Xiaotong ZOU Kaiwei XU Hao WEN Xiangying REN Zhou SHEN Yanpeng LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 872-878. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217377

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Buoy-bead flotation (BBF) technology used low density hollow microspheres instead of air bubbles to harvest microalgae with high efficiency and low energy consume. Chlorella vulgaris (common energy microalgae) and sodium borosilicate glass microspheres were chosen as experimental microalgae and cenospheres in BBF process. BBF method was compared with traditional dissolved air flotation method. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the process of BBF method. The results showed that the flotation rate with sodium borosilicate was ideal. Microspheres particle size, concentration and stirring speed had significant influence on flotation rate. The rate could be 83.7% under the conditions of particle size 56 ?m, particle concentration 0.546 g/L and stirring speed 133 r/min.

Desulfuration and decarbonization coupling acid gas enrichment process

Huimin LIU Lin ZHU Chenyang YU Wenhao CAO Jianliang CHEN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 879-885. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.218136

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Desulfuration and decarburization coupling acid gas enrichment was posed an advancing and promising process for sour natural gas with high carbon/sulfur ratio. Though an example of high carbon/sulfur ratio sour natural gas, the PROMAX and AMISIM were used to simulate the process and analyze the parameters. The results showed that the flow rate of flash gas, tail gas from 2nd absorber and the H2S concentration of acid gas was higher and the energy consumption was lower than traditional process at the flash pressure of 300 kPa and the temperature of 118℃. Also, the new process not only was satisfied with the specification of sales gas but also enriched the H2S concentration of acid gas from 20.65vol% to 30.16vol%, which can enhance the stability operation, decrease the investment and the operating cost.

Degradation of humic acid by microwave?Cu loaded activated carbon catalytic oxidation

Zailiang LIU Hailing MENG Ke ZHOU Tinglei LIU Lu HONG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(4): 886-892. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217393

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The catalysts of Cu/powder activated carbon (PAC) and Cu/granular activated carbon (GAC) were prepared and used to degradation humic acid (HA) in microwave catalytic oxidation process. The catalysts were characterized. The effects of catalyst dosage, H2O2 dosage, pH, microwave power and irradiation time on the degradation rate were studied. The mechanism of HA degradation under microwave?catalytic oxidation combined with H2O2 was suggested. The results showed that degradation rates of HA reached 93.91% and 91.59% using Cu/PAC and Cu/GAC as catalysts, respectively under the optimal conditions of Cu/PAC dosage of 1 g/L, H2O2 dosage of 0.9 mL/L, pH 3, microwave power of 400 W, irradiation time 4 min, and Cu/GAC dosage of 8 g/L, H2O2 dosage of 1.5 mL/L, pH 6, microwave power of 400 W, and irradiation time 4 min, respectively. A synergistic effect of catalyst, microwave, and H2O2 contributes to the high degradation rate of HA.

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