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Table of Content
20 February 2001, Volume 1 Issue 1
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1
Solid Circulating Rate in a Spouted–fluidized Bed with Draft Tube at Elevated Pressure
LIU Xiang-dong; ZHANG Ming-yao
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The effects of operating factors, such as spouting velocity, fluidizing velocity, pressure and particle size on solid circulating rate in a spouted–fluidized bed with draft tube were investigated. The experimental results showed that the spouting velocity was the most important factor. The solid circulating rate increased with increasing fluidizing velocity and pressure, and decreased with increasing mean particle diameter. Based on the experimental results, an empirical correlation of the solid circulating rate was established. This work is helpful to designing the carbide furnace in the second generation PFBC–CC system.
Research on Inlet and Outlet Configurations of Gas–Solids Cocurrent Downflow Reactors
YANG Yan-hui; DENG Ren-sheng; WEI Fei; JIN Yong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Since last ten years, the cocurrent downflow reactor(downer) has become a hot topic in fluidization research. The structure of inlet and outlet of a downer is critical for realizing effective gas–solids contact in very short time. This paper summarizes the current research work about inlet and outlet, including design and structure, and effect on hydrodynamics and dispersion behavior in the downer. Based on this, the relation of structure and performance was discussed, design and scale-up criteria were suggested.
Methanolsis of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) in Supercritical Phase
Yang Yong;Xiang Hong-wei;et al.
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Process Industry and Process Engineering
CHEN Jia-yong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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A brief survey of process industry and process engineering is reported.
Kinetic Analysis of the Azodicarbonamide Production Process in Gas–Liquid–Solid Systems
LIN Cheng; ZHANG Ji-yu
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The oxidation of solid biurea with chlorine in aqueous solution to produce azodicarbonamide was experimentally studied in a 1 L agitated glass vessel with a four-blade paddle stirrer. Based on the film theory, a model is first developed for this system by taking the gas–liquid and solid–liquid mass transfer, solid dissolution, and instantaneous reaction between the dissolved reactants into consideration. The model can reasonably well represent the experimental data. According to the values of gas–liquid and solid–liquid mass transfer coefficients estimated with the proposed model, it is found that the gas–liquid mass transfer is a rate-controlling step in most cases, but the solid–liquid mass transfer becomes a rate-controlling step when the reaction is close to the end of this process.
Synchronous Growth of Vero Cells with Double Thymidine Block
GAO Hong-liang; CONG Wei; ZHI Wen-bo; OUYANG Fan; SHAO Man-jun
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The optimum conditions of synchronous growth of Vero cells with double thymidine (TdR) block were investigated, including the concentration of TdR, treatment time and recovery time. The proper operation procedure is as follows: exponentially growing Vero cells were arrested with 2 mmol/L TdR for 11 h, cultured in normal medium for 14 h and arrested with TdR for another 11 h. In this way, the Synchronous Index (SI) reached 65.0% for the Vero cells culture in bottles and 60.0% for Vero cells growing on Cytodex-3 microcarriers in spinner flasks.
NOx-suppressed Smokeless Combustion Technique and Application in Coal-fired Kilns
XU You-ning; SONG Wen-li; BAI Yun-ru; ZHANG Jian-guo; LIN Wei-gang; LI Jing-hai
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Mechanism analysis and emission measurement indicate that the NOx-suppressed smokeless coal combustion technique can reduce NO and smoke emission simultaneously and improve combustion efficiency. Its application to coal-fired kilns is presented by comparing the emission from the modified and unmodified kilns.
Comparison of Several Extraction Techniques for Recovery of Glycyrrhizic Acid from G. uralensis Fisch
PAN Xue-jun; LIU Hui-zhou; JIA Guang-he; CHEN Jia-yong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Comparison of extraction methods for isolation of glycyrrhizic acid from G. uralensis Fisch is presented. The experiments show that microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was more effective than the conventional techniques such as heat reflux extraction, Soxhlet extraction and extraction at room temperature. Due to the short extraction time and low consumption of solvent and energy, MAE technique is suitable for fast extraction of a variety of licorice-containing products.
Extraction of Sulfate Radical Polysaccharide from Laminaria Japonica Enhanced by Ultrasonic Wave in an Air-lift Reactor
WANG Qian; HUANG Meng; ZHAO Bing; WANG Yu-chun; OUYANG Fan; WU Zhi-chun
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The extraction of sulfate radical polysaccharide from Laminaria Japonica enhanced by ultrasonic wave in an air-lift reactor was reported. The optimal experimental conditions in this reactor (diameter 8 cm, working volume 1 liter) were pH 5.0, operation temperature 40oC, mass ratio of liquid to solid 45, extraction time 25 min, air flow rate 75 L/h, ultrasonic power 120 W, ultrasonic duty cycle 100%. Under the above conditions, the extraction ratio of sulfate radical polysaccharide reached 1.86%, higher than that by treatment for 3 h in water at 100oC and that under the same conditions without ultrasonic wave applied. The content of SO42- in sulfate radical polysaccharide of the former was 5.7% higher due to application of ultrasonic wave. The experimental results showed that this novel extraction process is prospective in the extraction of polysaccharide from seaweed.
Process Engineering
Mooson Kwauk
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Through induction, integration and cross-disciplinary interaction, chemical engineering has acquired an ever-expanding knowledge base involving transport and reaction as its main contents. The application of this knowledge base has far extended beyond its namesake, the chemical products, to encompass all physical as well as chemical processing, upgrading chemical engineering to the much larger field of process engineering. How to further foster the expansion and growth of this knowledge base of process engineering, and, in facing the challenges of the 21st millennium, the identification of appropriate frontiers for China, are becoming the foci of attention.
Physical Modeling of the Vortex Phenomenon in Continuous Casting Mould
LEI Hong; ZHU Miao-yong; HE Ji-cheng
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Water model was used to study the mechanism of vortex formation in the mould, and the effects of operation parameters on vortex formation were investigated. The results show that singular vortex or a pair of vortices appear intermittently on the one side of nozzle, and the formation of vortex is due to the interaction of two surface streams flowing inwards. The frequency of vortex increases with the augment of the casting speed, and decreases with the augment of the immersion depth and nozzle angle. The formation of vortex can be inhibited by optimizing the submerged entry nozzle.
Anaerobic Degradation Route of Oxalate and the Reaction Conditions
YU Yang; SHEN Yi-shen; YE Shu-feng
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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To dispose the oxalate waste from the alumina refining process effectively and economically, the method of oxalate anaerobic digestion is presented. The results indicate that oxalate was converted to harmless methane and bicarbonate under anaerobic conditions. However, moderate conditions must be provided for oxalate degradation. When the oxalate concentration was over 0.25 mol/L or pH above 10, the oxalate degradation was totally inhibited. Acetate, as an external carbon source, is found to promote degradation.
Kinetics of Epoxidation of Propylene with H2O2 in Isopropanol
CHEN Xiao-hui; TAN Wei; MI Zhen-tao; WANG Chun-yan; XU Xi-en
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The epoxidation of propylene with H2O2 in isopropanol under mild conditions over TS–1 molecular sieve was studied, the primary and side reaction kinetics was discussed, and the effects of temperature, pressure and other factors on reactions were analyzed. It was found that when pressure of propylene was 0.3 MPa and temperature below 40oC, the yield of propylene oxide was up to 75%, and the integration of propylene epoxidation with manufacture of H2O2 via isopropanol was possible.
Bioleaching of Low-grade Ni–Cu Sulfide Ore
CHEN Quan-jun; FANG Zhao-heng
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Bioleaching of low-grade Ni–Cu sulfide ore from Jin–chuan with thiobacillus ferrooxidans (TF5) and thiobacillus thiooxidans (TT) is investigated. The effect of pH, inoculation, pulp density on leaching is presented. The leaching process inoculated with different blend of TF5 and TT is also examined. These experiments confirm that the leaching pH should be controlled at about 2.0, the best inoculation quantity 3.0′109 cells/ml, low pulp density is more favorable for leaching, and the extraction of nickel is increased by inoculation with the blend of TF5 and TT.
The Green Process Engineering Science
ZHANG Yi
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The background and connotation of the green process engineering science is described and analyzed with actual examples of research, and discussion is made on methods, objectives, scopes and prospect of research on resource utilization-materials conversion processes based on the environmental economy assessment system. The research intentions in green process engineering are stated, including the cross-linking and incorporation of chemistry-physics-biology-computational information with environmental science, optimal integration of materials and energy flows, intensification and sequenced aggregation of reaction-separation, optimization of operation control and multi-scale theories, which are further refined as the optimal engineering scale-up theory for green process engineering in green industries. It is expected that this theory could provide scientific and engineering criteria for green upgrading of process industries and new type of ecological industry in the 21st century.
Anodic Reaction of Arsenopyrite in Ammoniacal Solutions
FANG Zhao-heng;YU Jing-kai
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Anodic dissolution of arsenopyrite in ammoniacal solution has been investigated by electrochemical methods. The process is an irreversible reaction with formation of a ferric oxidized film and is retarded by the film. The process rate is controlled by the electrochemical reaction on the electrode surface in the lower temperature range, or alternatively by the diffusion through the film in the higher temperature range. The overall reaction has 14 electron transferred and can be expressed by
Steam-explosion of Ammoniated Corn Straw and Subsequent Solid State Fermentation
YANG Xue-xia;CHEN Hong-zhang; LI Zuo-hu
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Corn straw was ammoniated and steam-exploded. This pretreatment resulted in degradation of hemicellul-ose and less degradation of cellulose and lignin. In addition, substrate hydrolysis was enhanced, the content of nitrogen was increased. After solid state fermentation of pretreated corn straw, the content of protein was increased and the content of cellulose was reduced. Steam-explosion of ammoniated corn straw is suitable for bioconversion.
Dispersion Behavior of Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Particles in Aqueous Solution
CUI Ai-li; WANG Ting-jie; HE Hong; JIN Yong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The effects of dispersant on the dispersion of ultrafine TiO2 particles were investigated. The sedimentation height and the size distribution of the dispersed particles in aqueous solution were employed to characterize the particle dispersion. The experimental results show that (NaPO3)6, Na2SiO3 and C2H5OH are efficient dispersants for TiO2 particles in aqueous solution. The zeta potential of the particles in aqueous solution was measured to analyze the dispersion mechanism of different dispersants, since (NaPO3)6 and Na2SiO3 can significantly increase the absolute value of zeta potential of particles, and C2H5OH forms a solvent layer on the particle surface. Thus, satisfactory and stable dispersion of TiO2 particles in aqueous solution is obtained.
Pressure Drop Characteristics of Vertical Dilute-phase Gas Conveying
JING Shan; JIANG Pan-liang; HU Qing-yuan; WANG Jin-fu; JIN Yong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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An experimental study of gas conveying of Geldart–D powder in dilute phase through a vertical pipe upwards for 18 m with internal diameter 0.05 m upwards for 18 m was conducted. The pressure drop, choking velocity, minimum fluidized velocity for fluidized bed tank and mass flow rate were measured. The values of fs obtained from the experimental pressure drop in the vertical pipe were the same as those predicted by the correlation presented by Klinzing and Mathur, Yang and Caric. The process of calculating fs also showed that the actual solids velocity, calculated from Eq.2 in the paper, in the conveying pipe was the true value. The experimental results showed that the ratio of pressure gradient along 135° upward bend, 135° downward bend and inclined pipe to the vertical pipe were 1.6, 2.0 and 4.0 respectively.
Research Advances in Biodesulfurization Technology of Coal and Oil
JIANG Cheng-ying;WANG Rong; LIU Hui-zhou; CHEN Jia-yong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Microbial desulfurization technology shows great potential in energy industry and environmental protection. This review introduces the isolated strains for removing sulfur from sulfur-containing compounds in oil and coal, and the desulfurization mechanism and kinetics. The status of the development and application of the technologies, economic evaluation, existing problems and trend of development for further study are deliberated meanwhile the importance of developing the biodesulfurization technology in China is stressed.
Kinetics of Leaching RE from Panxi Mn-containing Mud with Hydrochloric Acid
TIAN Jun;; CHI Ru-an; ZHU Guo-cai; XU Sheng-ming
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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The kinetics of leaching RE from Panxi Mn-containing mud with hydrochloric acid was investigated. The effects of reaction temperature, particle size and HCl concentration on the leaching rate were determined. The apparent activation energy is 9.59 kJ/mol as calculated from the experimental data. The results show that the leaching process can be described by the shrinking core model as HCl concentration is below 2.0 mol/L and the leaching rate is controlled by diffusion of reacting reagents and leached products in the porous solid layer. When HCl concentration is above 2.0 mol/L, the leaching mechanism changes from inner diffusion control to mixed control mechanism because the original ore structure is destroyed.
Preparation of Ultrafine Co Powder from Basic Co(OH)2 Slurry by Hydrogen Reduction
YU Ke-ning; MAO Ming-hua; LIANG Huan-zhen; XU Ju
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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Ultrafine Co powder with an average particle size below 0.1μm was prepared by hydrogen reduction from the basic Co(OH)2 slurry, which was obtained by mixing the solution of CoSO4 with NaOH. The pH of the slurry was controlled between 8 and 12. The filtration and washing of the slurry were not necessary before hydrogen reduction. The proposed reduction temperature was 170~200oC, concentration of catalyst PdCl2 2 mg/L, partial pressure of H2 was 2~3 MPa, and reduction time about 40 min. Temperature and concentration of PdCl2 showed obvious effects on the reaction, and pH of the end solution showed major effect on particle size of Co powder obtained.
New Design of Internals for Improving Fluidization Quality of Cohesive Particles
LIU Qin; LU Xue-song; LI Hong-zhong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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To improve the fluidization quality of cohesive particles, the traditional perforated plate internals and the remiform internals as well as the new design of the perforated remiform internals were tested with cohesive γ– Al2O3 particles as the experimental material. The experimental results showed that the perforated plate internal was inefficient for improving fluidization quality of cohesive particles, the remiform internal was better than the former. The perforated-remiform internals combine the advantages of two traditional ones and was proved to be the best internals for using in cohesive particles.
Photoelectrochemical Degradation of PCP on TiO2 Film Electrode
XU Wen-lin;WANG Ya-qiong
. 2001, 1(1): 0-0.
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An investigation of photoelectrochemical degradation of pentachlorophenol (PCP) on a TiO2 film electrode was presented. The TiO2 film electrode was prepared by anodisation of titanium metal in sulfuric acid solution and its photoelectrocatalystic performance was studied. The destruction of PCP follows approximately the first-order kinetics. The reaction constant decreases slightly from 2.6×10–5 s–1 to 2.0×10–5 s–1 as the initial PCP concentration is increased from 0.1 mmol/L to 1.0 mmol/L under the experimental condition.
