The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering

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Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 0.

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Study Progress in Modification of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode Material for High Energy Density Lithium Ion Batteries

Shuangshuang ZHENG Libin MA Yanxia LIU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 225-231. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217244

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LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 has been regarded as the most promising cathode material for power lithium battery because of its high energy density and high cost efficient. However, some issues, such as safety performance, cyclic stability and high temperature performance, hindered its commercial application. The common ideas to enhance these properties including ion doping and surface coating. The modification of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials is summarized in this paper, and also has prospect to the future research orientation.

A Review of Treatment on Dihydric Phenol in Coal Chemical Wastewater

Wenzhao LIU Gaojie XU Qiang DONG Pengge NING Yuping Li

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 232-240. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217270

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The treatment technology on the wastewater containing dihydric phenol-contained from the coal chemical industry was summarized. The adsorption, emulsion liquid membrane, solvent extraction, incineration, phenolic condensation, chemical oxidation, steam phenol removal, ozone oxidation, advanced oxidation are compared respectively including their advantages, disadvantages and application prospect. Among them, the solvent extraction method was underlined through the selection of extractant and the analysis of influence factor. Besides, the research evolution and tendency of the treatment technology on the dihydric phenol-contained wastewater was further prospected especially. The multi-technology combination would be a hot spot.

Research Progress on Extracting Potassium and Preparing Compound Fertilizer from Potassium Feldspar

Yihan SONG Hongmei LI Shuhua MA Xiaohui WANG Xiaozhan MU Shili ZHENG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 241-257. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217285

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A variety of potassium extracting technologies from potassium feldspar have been developed at home and abroad. According to the reaction principle and technological process, these technologies are classified and introduced. The characteristics of various technologies are analyzed, and suggestions for improvement are given. In view of the problems of long process, high cost, poor economic benefits of these potassium extracting technologies from potassium feldspar, it is pointed out that the preparation of potassium feldspar as a multi-element compound fertilizer or soil conditioner should be carried out in the future. The research progress in this direction is introduced. By analyzing the fine characteristics of multi-element fertilizer prepared by hydrothermal method, it is indicated that hydrothermal method has extensive application prospect.

Simulation of Axial Solid Holdup in Slurry Bubble Columns

Shuzhou SHI Rongtao ZHOU Ning YANG Jianfei SONG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 258-264. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217238

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DBS drag model for gas?liquid interaction, and three drag models for liquid?solid interaction including Gidaspow model, Gidaspow?Brucato model and Schiller?Naumann model were used to simulate slurry bubble columns without considering the direct interaction between gas and solid. The simulation and experimental results of axial solid holdup with different particle sizes were compared. The results showed that different liquid?solid drag models had minor influence on the prediction of gas holdup. The combination of DBS drag model and Schiller?Naumann model had a better prediction for the systems of larger particle size (140 ?m) at lower gas velocity. The solids holdup decreased with increasing the column height, whereas other models fail to predict the axial solids holdup distribution. These different liquid?solid drag models performed well for the systems of smaller particle size (35 ?m).

Three-dimensional Modelling of Pulverized Coal Injection in Blast Furnace Raceway

Tian CHEN Shusen CHENG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 265-273. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217262

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A three-dimensional mathematical model including gas?solid flow, radiation and coal combustion was established to simulate the pulverized coal injection in blast furnace raceway. With the help of commercial software, the flow field, temperature field and composition change in the raceway were simulated. The results showed that the flow pattern can be divided into two parts: a high-speed jet along the tuyere direction and a large-scale recirculation at the upper part of the raceway. The distributions of temperature field was not uniform, and the temperature was higher at the lower part of raceway and the heat transmits to the upper part along the boundary of the raceway. Oxygen was consumed constantly along the tuyere axis. The carbon dioxide content increased with the decrease of oxygen content and reached the maximum when the oxygen was almost exhausted. Then, the carbon monoxide content increased rapidly with the carbon dioxide content decreased. The increase of blast oxygen enrichment, blast temperature and blast rate can promote the combustion of pulverized coal and increase the burning speed of pulverized coal.

Experimental Research on Forced Convective Heat Transfer Titanium Alloy Twisted Tube

Xinyu DONG Qincheng BI Miao GUI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 274-279. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217290

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An experimental study with the deionized water was conducted on the heat transfer and flow resistance properties in the internal of the titanium alloy twisted tube. A comparison with the same specification of ordinary tube was carried out. The correlation equations with the Nusselt number and the resistance coefficient were given respective by according to the results of experiment. By comparing with the classical correlations, results showed that heat transfer correlations of transition flow and turbulent flow in a titanium alloy twisted tube were obtained and good agreement was observed between the experimental data and the classical correlations presented by Dittus?Boelter, Sieder?Tate, Михеев and Gnielinski equations, respectively.

Numerical Simulation of Radiation Heat Transfer in SiC Crystal Growth Furnace

Chunzhen YANG Guangxia LIU Chengmin CHEN Min XU Liqiu WANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 280-287. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217295

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Three dimensional numerical simulation platform for SiC crystal growth furnace was established based on C programing language, where physical model of the furnace was built based on cylindrical coordinate, governing equations for electromagnetic and temperature fields were discretized by finite volume method, and radiation characteristic was studied with the help of S2S (Surface to Surface) radiation model. The least distance method was developed, which was used to check whether radiation surfaces were visible with each other or not efficiently. And then the radiation heat transfer in SiC growth chamber and temperature field of SiC growth furnace were studied quantificationally when the current intensity is 1250 A and the current frequency is 16 kHz. The effects of coil structures on crystal temperature field and its gradient distributions were studied by standard deviation method. The results showed that spiral electromagnetic coil generated asymmetrical temperature field easily. The radiation heat flux was 102~103 more than conduction heat flux. The radiation was helpful to increase temperature evenness. The spiral temperature field on the SiC crystal cross-section reduced the poor homogeneity of temperature gradient, which made the crystal to generate large thermal stress.

Analysis on Chaotic Characteristics of Bottom-blowing Stirred Mixing Process Based on 0?1 Test

Qin GAO Qingtai XIAO Shibo WANG Peng LI Jianxin XU Hua WANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 288-293. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217197

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Bottom-blowing mixing process was studied by fabricating the hydraulics model. Experimental image data was obtained using fluid visualization and digital imaging technologies. A novel chaos detection technique 0?1 test was employed to investigating the effect of nozzles arrangement, including the number and angle, on chaotic characteristic of mixing process. The results showed that the gas hold-up content could be estimated approximately by means of color indicator and digital image processing technology. The evolution of gas hold-up has good agreement with the real experiment running state. In addition, the time series of gas hold-up were tested by 0?1 method, respectively. It was demonstrated that the values of asymptotic growth rate Kc median have basically reflected the intensity of chaotic characteristics of different experimental conditions to some extent.

Analysis of Single Particle Motion in Vertical Rotational Flow Field

Yanjun LIU Kaizhao WANG Ke LAI Jie LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 294-300. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217306

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The camera was used to study the trajectories of particle in the rotational flow field to obtain the motion parameters. The variation law of velocity and acceleration of particles with different experimental section speeds and particle diameters was analyzed. The results showed that the motion of particle in the rotational flow field can be divided into the development stage and the steady stage. The movement trajectory was similar to a ellipse, when the particle circularly moved in the steady stage. With the increase of the rotational speed, the particle velocity and acceleration increased and showed a cyclic variation, and the periodic amplitude of the particle velocity and acceleration is gradually increased. With the increase of particle diameter, the particle velocity and acceleration reduced, and the particle tended to be stationary when the particle was near the wall.

Comparation of Adsorption Properties of Pressure Swing Sorbents for Biogas

Yan LI Guanglin YU Chengwen WANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 301-307. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217233

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The adsorption capacity, adsorption stability and adsorption selectivity under high pressure (0.1~1 MPa) of three sorbents, silica gel, 13X molecular sieves and carbon molecular sieves, which were potentially used in biogas upgrading engineering, were investigated. The results showed that among the three adsorbents, silica gel had the best adsorption stability, and its adsorption selectivity coefficient under 0.1 MPa was between 8 and 10 which can achieve a effective separation of CO2 from CH4. 13X molecular sieve had the highest adsorption capacity for both CO2 and CH4, in addition, 13X molecular sieves had a significantly improved selectivity, however, the adsorption capacity for CO2 decreased continually when reused 5 times. When taking the environmentally important CH4 slip into account, 13X molecular sieve was the lowest. The desorption isotherms of carbon molecular sieves were always above the adsorption isotherm when reused for CH4 which means that the adsorbed CH4 and the adsorption sites cannot be fully released through depressurization, so it was not a good candidate for CO2/CH4 separation.

Classification Experimental of Titanommagnetite Ore by Fluidized Hydrocyclone Concentrator

Haiyun XIE Rongxin Liu Luzheng CHEN Pengfei ZHANG Chao DING Likun GAO Xiong TONG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 308-311. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217252

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The principle of the fluidized hydrocyclone concentrator was analyzed and the classifying experiment for titanomagnetite ore in Panzhihua was carried out. The results showed that the particle size distribution of settling sand were effects by feed concentration, feed pressure, injection water pressure, overflow pressure and underflow pressure greatly. Under the conditions of feed concentration 5%, feed pressure 70?72 kPa, water injection pressure 5 kPa, overflow pressure 40?50 kPa, underflow pressure 45?55 kPa, the distribution rates of settling sand of 0.15?2.00, 0.074?0.15 and less than 0.074 mm were 80%?83%, 60%?65% and 20%?28%, respectively.

Synthesis of Chitosan?Glutathione and Its Performance of Chromium Removal

Peng ZHANG Wei ZHANG Weixiong LIAO

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 312-317. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217254

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The thiolated chitosan coagulant CTS?GSH was prepared by chitosan (CTS) and glutathione (GSH) under the reaction of amidation. Single factor experimental method was used to investigate the optimum preparation conditions. The structural features and surface microcosmic property were measured. The results showed that the optimum preparation conditions were mass ratio of chitosan/glutathione of 5:5, reaction time of 5 h, dosage of protecting agent N-hydroxy succinimide of 0.4 g, dosage of cross-linking agent 1-ethyl-(3-(dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride of 0.25 g, and pH 3.5. Chitosan and glutathione undergo imidization reaction, and flocculant CTS-GSH has better surface microstructure.

Desorption and Regeneration of Mixed CO2-rich Solution Based on Hollow Fiber Membrane

Weifeng ZHANG Weichun MA Zhen HUANG Jin LI Yuetan JIAO Linxin ZHONG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 318-323. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217264

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Membrane desorption and regeneration experiments were carried out in which hollow fiber membrane contactor (FMC) was used as desorption device, and N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)–diethanolamine (DEA) mixed absorbent was used as CO2-rich solution. The effects of desorption temperature, pressure and liquid flow velocity on desorption were investigated. The CO2 secondary absorption and desorption properties of the regenerated solution was further explored. The results showed that the optimum solute malor ratio of mixed absorbent was MDEA:DEA=1:0.6 at the sampling time of 20 and 40 min. CO2 releasing flux and desorption rate increased with the increasing of temperature, pressure and flow velocity. The peak CO2 releasing flux at 60℃ was 101.29 mL/min (the peak moved forward), the CO2 final desorption rate was 61.51%, comparing with the 30℃ group increased by 56.14% and 50.5%, respectively. The peak CO2 releasing flux at 20 kPa was 96.17 mL/min (the peak moved forward), the CO2 final desorption rate was 58.66%, comparing with the 65 kPa group increased by 62.21% and 16.85%, respectively. At a liquid flow velocity of 0.08 m/s, the peak CO2 releasing flux was 88.65 mL/min (the peak time did not move forward), and the CO2 final desorption rate was 55.63%, that was 43.45% and 30.13% higher than the 0.02 m/s group, respectively. Regeneration solution recycling test found that, MDEA?DEA regeneration solution retains 70% CO2 absorption capacity of the original solution after 5 cycles, the secondary desorption rate remained at around 60% without a significant decrease as well. Desorption of mixed CO2-rich solution by membrane method had a good effect, and the regeneration solution possessed excellent secondary absorption and desorption properties.

Multi-objective Optimization Based on Simulation of Overall Fluid Catalytic Cracking System

Yanwei FENG Wei WANG Kun WANG Anbin TU Bin SHI Liexiang YAN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 324-329. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217249

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A process modeling software Petro SIM was used to create an overall simulation of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) system. Based on the simulation, 7 key variables that affect the distribution of the FCC product were filtered from 15 independent manipulated variables by the mean impact value (MIV) method. Under the premise of ensuring product quality, a multi-objective model of maximizing the mass flow rate both of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gasoline was built. Multi-objective line-up competition algorithm (MOLCA) was applied to solve the optimal problem and then the Pareto front was obtained which revealed the interactional law of LPG, gasoline and diesel mass flow rate. Depending on the market requirement for different products, optimal operation conditions were proposed for optimizing operation and product distribution in FCC system.

Low-temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx with Ammonia over Fe2O3/AC Catalysts

Shoulai YIN Baozhong ZHU Yunlan SUN Zheng CAO Guang CHEN Ruqing JIANG Tianyu XU Feng LIU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 330-336. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217251

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Activated coke (AC) loaded with various amounts Fe was prepared via impregnation method to investigate the effect of iron content on the denitrification performance at low temperature. The results showed that the Fe2O3/AC catalyst with 6wt% Fe addition exhibits the best NOx conversion rate, which reached 93.9% at 240℃, the NOx conversion rate of the catalyst are about 86% and 7% when there are 120?10?6 (vol) SO2 and 3.5vol% H2O, respectively. The pore sizes of these catalysts are less than 4 nm, and increase with the increasing of Fe loading. These catalysts are stable. Fe is mainly existed as γ-Fe2O3 which disperses on the catalyst surface. A certain amount of Fe2O3 on the AC surface increase the contents of Oβ and Fe3+, and provide more active sites, so the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) denitrification performance of the catalyst is improved.

Weight Analysis of Performance Evaluation Index for the New Filter Cartridge Dust Collector with Analytic Hierarchy Process

Dongyang HE Fuping QIAN Can FANG Jia HU Yongjun XIA Deming SHI Jinli LU Yunlong HAN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 337-342. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217260

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A new type filter cartridge dust collector with conical structure was studied. The filtration material characteristics, dust load, filtration velocity, jetting pressure, dust cleaning method and the structural parameters of the filter cartridge dust collector were considered as the evaluation factors, a hierarchical structure model for the performance evaluation factor analysis of a new filter canister dust collector was established based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). Then the judgment matrixes of all hierarchies were set up using the Delphi method, and finally the weights of the main performance parameters for the new filter cartridge dust collector, such as filtration efficiency, pressure drop, dust cleaning performance, air volume and economy were analyzed. The results showed that the weight of the evaluation factors of the new filter cartridge dust collector is as follows: filtration material characteristics?the structural parameters of the new type filter cartridge dust collector?dust load?filtration velocity?dust cleaning method?jetting pressure, and the relative weight of the performance parameters affecting the selection of the new filter cartridge dust collector is as follows: filtration efficiency?economy?pressure drop?dust cleaning performance?air volume.

Comprehensive Analysis of Material and Value Flow of Joint Production Modes of Cokes

Wentao LIU Qiang LI Wenjuan ZHANG Huiquan LI Jingjing SHI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 343-349. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217263

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A coupled model of material flow and value flow was established to solve the selection problem of four typical coking modes under complex market environment. The input and output of the four modes and the corresponding value transfer process in different scenarios were analyzed, and the indicator of resource-added efficiency were compared. The results showed that the value-added efficiency of liquefied natural Gas (LNG)?tar?benzene processing mode was 3%~10% higher than that of other modes in historical scenarios. The descending order of added efficiency of the industrial chain extension were naphthalene and benzene separated from tar and crude benzene (32%), LNG from coke oven gas (21%), methanol from coke oven gas (1%). However, in the virtual scenario of upward economic status, the value-added efficiency of methanol from coke oven gas was 36%~50% higher than other measures.

Experimental Study of Catalytic Reduction of NO over Iron Ore Tailing Powder

Yunlong HAN Yinggen LI Zhao ZHENG Hao ZHANG Fuping QIAN Yongmei HU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 350-355. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217266

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Unsupported catalyst was prepared by iron ore tailing selected from Nanshan mine of Ma?anshan iron & steel company limited. The catalysts were characterized by XRF, BET and XRD techniques. Experiments of catalytic reduction of NO over catalyst with NH3 were carried out in a quartz glass fixed-bed reactor. The results showed that the catalyst prepared by iron ore tailing presents a good catalytic activity for NO reduction at 500?600℃. The catalytic reduction rate can reach to 97.5% at 600℃. Moreover, the smaller the particle size, the higher the catalytic reduction rate. Increasing oxygen content can increase catalytic reduction rate of NO at 350℃. However, high oxygen content can decrease catalytic reduction rate of NO at 500℃. The higher the iron oxide content, the higher the catalytic reduction rate. But at high temperature, sintering of iron oxide can decrease the catalytic reduction rate.

Quantitative Influence of Surfactant on the Formation Process for Gas Hydrate

Xuemin ZHANG Yang LI Ze YAO Jinping LI Qingbai WU Ji YUAN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 356-360. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217272

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In order to confirm the critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of anionic surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) under hydrate formation conditions, the surface tension of SDS and SDBS solution with different concentrations were measured by ring method in the temperature range of 0?20℃. The influence mechanism of surfactant on the surface tension of solution system was revealed and verified through formation experiment of C3H8 hydrate, the CMC of SDS and SDBS solution under conditions of HCFC?141b hydrate formation were determined. The results showed that the effect of surfactant on surface tension decrease of water is most obvious when the weight concentration of SDS and SDBS solution was below 500?10?6 and 100?10?6, the CMC of SDS and SDBS solution are 1950?10?6 and 400?10?6, respectively, near the conditions of HCFC?141b hydrate formation. Under the CMC, surfactant obviously promoted the formation process of C3H8 hydrate and shortened the induction time and increase the formation rate of gas hydrate.

Hydrothermal Hydrolysis of Fe3+ to Produce Hematite in Fe2(SO4)3?ZnSO4?H2O System

Shuowen YI Cunxiong LI Chang WEI Zhigan DENG Xingbin LI Yizhao WANG Yuxuan SONG Yaning HUANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 361-368. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217277

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The effects of reaction temperature, retention time, initial Fe3+ concentration, Zn2+ concentration and hematite seed addition on iron removal rate, phase and chemical composition of hematite precipitates by hydrothermal hydrolysis of Fe3+ in Fe2(SO4)3?ZnSO4? H2O system were studied. The results showed that the increasing of temperature, retention time and Zn2+ concentration, and the decreasing of initial Fe3+ concentration have a positive effects on the iron removal rate and high-quality hematite precipitate obtaining. The presence of hematite seeds ed the formation of hematite nucleation and affected their composition. The iron removal rate was 97.1% and hematite precipitate contained 64.73% Fe, 1.41% S, and 0.2% Zn under the conditions of temperature of 200℃, retention time of 4 h, stirring speed of 400 r/min, initial Fe3+ concentration of 15 g/L and Zn2+ concentration of 80 g/L.

Thermal Decomposition Kinetics and Mechanism of Sodium Sulfate with Nickel Laterite Ores

Song YANG Shoujun LIU Pengzheng SHI Wenguang DU Ju SHANGGUAN Yanping ZHAO

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 369-374. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217279

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The thermal decomposition of Na2SO4 and nickel laterite was investigated by thermogravimetry coupled with mass spectrometer (TG?MS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The evolution of the thermal decomposition gas composition was detected by mass spectrometry. The results indicated that the thermal decomposition process of Na2SO4/nickel laterite can be divided into five stages: the evaporated of the free water (37~152℃), the dehydroxylation of the goethite (238~278℃), the dehydroxylation of the lizardite and kaolinite (554~602℃), the dolomite decomposition (892~914℃) and the decomposition of Na2SO4 (1241~1286℃). The main volatile products of the pyrolysis are H2O, CO2 and SO2. According to the Coasts model, the decomposition of nickel laterite with Na2SO4 can be described by one first-order reaction. The mechanism of Na2SO4/nickel laterite thermal decomposition may be Na+ replaced Ni2+, which is an isomorphic host in the lattice of (Ni,Mg)2SiO4. Ni2+ was released and reacted with O2? to form NiO, which facilitated nickel enrichment through the process of reduction roast-low intensity magnetic separation.

Recovery of Iron from Carbon Bearing Briquettes of High-phosphorus Iron Ore by Direct Reduction and Magnetic Separation

Dongsheng LI Tiejun CHUN Zhen WANG Chao NING Gutian MU Mengfei ZHU Hongming LONG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 375-381. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217284

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The reduction roasting?magnetic separation of iron from carbon bearing briquettes of high-phosphorus iron ores in Hunan was studied, and the effects of reducing temperature, reducing time, basicity, reducing agent, additive agent, and rate of waste plastics replace coke powders on the indexes of metallic iron powders were investigated. The results showed that under the experimental conditions of the basicity 0.8, the molar ratio of carbon/oxygen 0.9, the amount of sodium sulfate 4%, adding waste plastics to replace 25% coke powders, at 1150℃ for 40 min, the metallization rate of 88.77% of the roasted briquettes were obtained, and the final metallic iron powder assaying 91.99% TFe, metallization rate of 92.26% and P content of 0.20% of metal iron fines was obtained with the iron recovery rate of 86.74%.

Effect of Alkali-activator on Compressive Strength of Steel Slag Cementations Materials

Hao ZHANG Lin WANG Hongming LONG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 382-386. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217287

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Alkali solution was prepared with Na2SiO3, NaOH and Ca(OH)2, then steel slag was activated using alkali solution obtaining zeolite hydrochemical products. The effects of Na2SiO3 amount, NaOH amount and Ca(OH)2 amount on the compressive strength of the alkali steel slag cementations materials were studied. The optimal compressive strengths of materials were characterized. The results showed that Na2SiO3 has significant effect on 7 d compressive strength of materials, NaOH had significant effect on 3 d compressive strength of materials, Ca(OH)2 has significant effect on 28 d compressive strength of materials. When Na2SiO3 amount was 11.25 g, NaOH amount is 4.50 g and Ca(OH)2 amount is 6.75 g, the compressive strength of materials was the best. The addition of alkali solution is beneficial to the formation of zeolite hydrochemical products in the gelation system.

Purification of Human Serum Transferrin Reference Material

Jinlong KONG Can QUAN Qidi WANG Jian LUO Junbo ZHOU Yongyue SUN Zenglan LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 387-392. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217300

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A two-step chromatographic method of purifying transferrin (Tf) from Cohn fraction IV, a byproduct of the Cohn plasma fractionation process, was established. After diluting, centrifugation and filtration, the Cohn fraction IV was firstly purified by Capto DEAE ion-exchange chromatography, then further purified by hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The characterization of purified Tf product was analyzed by SDS?PAGE, HPLC and ELISA. The results indicated that the purity of Tf was greater than 99% and the yield was 79%. The circular dichroism spectrum proved that the secondary structure of the purified Tf product have not changed, and iron binding ability experiment proved that the purified Tf product can bind two iron ions.

Volatilization Kinetics of PbO-FeOx-CaO-SiO2-ZnO Lead-bearing Slag

Yaru CUI Guohua WANG Junxue ZHAO Ziliang GUO Hongliang TANG Haoyue FAN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 393-398. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217302

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In order to reveal the volatilization characteristics of lead-containing slag, volatilization dynamics model of lead-containing slag with mass ratios of FeO/SiO2=1.8 and CaO/SiO2=0.6 at high temperature was developed using TG technique based on PbO?FeOx?CaO?SiO2?ZnO system. The effect of PbO content on volatility in lead slag was discussed. The volatile mechanism of lead slag was revealed combined with the chemical composition analysis and element analysis of the final slag. The results showed that it was exactly the severe volatilization of PbO at 700?1450℃ that lead to the change of lead composition and the deviation of its performance. Average mass loss rate is about 18.58% of slag containing 20wt% lead at 700?1450℃. The process of high temperature volatilization for lead-containing slag is controlled by 3D diffusion, the factors that affect the volatile are mainly the contents of PbO and silicon oxygen compound ion.

Effects of Slurry pH on Adsorption Rate of Chelating Collectors Containing Benzene Ring onto Rutile Surface

Mingbao LIU Bo YU Wanzhong YIN

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 399-404. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217319

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The effects of slurry pH and stirring time on adsorption rate of chelating collectors containing benzene, namely cupferron and neocupferron, onto rutile surface were researched. Adsorption kinetics, quantum chemistry and stereochemistry were studies. The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of neocupferron on rutile was higher than that of cupferron, but the adsorption rate was in the reverse order. The pseudo-first order kinetic equation can fit the adsorption isotherms well for both reagents. The diffusion of activity sites in mineral surface film was the rate-limited step during the adsorption. The number of benzene ring in the molecule can affect the electron cloud density on the bonding atoms and the molecular structure, and then influence the adsorption capacity and rate of the reagents.

Effect of Additives on Volatilization of Molybdenum Oxide

Shuangping YANG Qishu WEI Jiangfeng ZHOU Bo YANG Chen WANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 405-410. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217267

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Based on the basic thermodynamic data, the thermodynamic analysis of the reducing molybdenum oxide and calcium molybdate by reducing agents such as C, SiC, Al, Mn, Si and Fe. The thermogravimetric experiments was conducted to study the effect of additives including reducing agent of C or SiC and inhibitor of CaO on volatilization of molybdenum oxide. The results showed that the volatilization rate of pure molybdenum trioxide was 85.68% at 1300℃, and the addition of CaO or reductant (C or SiC), the volatilization rate was about 20%, while with the addition of reducing agent and CaO, molybdenum oxide volatilization rate was only about 10%.

Effects of Co Substitution on Structure and Microwave Dielectric Properties of Nd(Zn0.5Ti0.5)O3 Ceramics

Jiamao LI Chuangang FAN Lichun YAO Tai QIU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 411-416. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217275

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Nd[(Zn1–xCox)0.5Ti0.5]O3 (0≤x≤0.9) microwave dielectric ceramics were prepared by a conventional solid-state route. The effects of Co2+ B-site substitution Zn2+ on the structure and microwave dielectric properties of Nd(Zn0.5Ti0.5)O3 ceramics were extensively investigated. The results showed that a solid solution with the monoclinic perovskite structure was formed in the investigated compositional range. The relative dielectric constant ?r decreased gradually and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency ?f moved to a positive tendency with the increase of Co substitution. The quality factor Q×f initially increased to a maximum value of 215130 GHz at x=0.3 mol and thereafter declined. The substantial rise of Q×f might be attributed to the improvement of B-site cation ordering. Nd[(Zn0.7Co0.3)0.5Ti0.5]O3 ceramics had good microwave dielectric properties sinteringat 1410℃ for 4 h, ?r=31.2, Q×f=215130 GHz, ?f=?35.7×10?6℃?1.

Mutual Calculation between Standard Dissolved Gibbs Free Energy and Differential Dissolution Enthalpy Based on a Model of Dilute Solution

Saijun XIAO Qian KOU Xiaohong FANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 417-421. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217281

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A method of mutual calculation between standard dissolved Gibbs free energy and differential dissolution enthalpy based on a model of dilute solution was proposed. The validation of the mutual calculation method was confirmed according to the standard dissolved Gibbs free energy and differential dissolution enthalpy in liquid iron and liquid nickel. The relationship between the standard dissolved Gibbs free energy and temperature was established based on differential dissolution enthalpy in liquid aluminum. The method of mutual calculation provided a basis for the thermodynamic calculation of chemical reaction in liquid metal in which the thermodynamic data such as standard dissolved Gibbs free energy was lacked.

Synthesis and Electrochemical Characterization of Li1?xRbxNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 Cathode Materials

Yan LI Xiaoping WANG Weimin ZHANG Yushi HE Zifeng MA

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 422-426. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217296

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LiNi0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 was prepared by coprecipitation method and different proportions of rubidium cations were doped into the materials to enhance the performance. The materials were characterized and the electrochemical performance was investigated. The results showed that the optimized formula is Li0.97Rb0.03Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2, which obtained an improved electrochemical performance. The incorporation of rubidium can stabilize the crystal structure. The specific reversible capacity of Li0.97Rb0.03Ni0.4Co0.2Mn0.4O2 electrode can still maintain about 130 mA?h/g at 5C.

Preparation of Collagen Peptides with Controllable Molecular Weight Range Based on Enzymatic Degradation Coupled with Membrane Separation

Hao CUI Yujie MOU Kai WANG Jiyao KANG Guifeng ZHANG Minglin WANG

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 427-433. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217123

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Collagen peptides with controllable molecular weight range were prepared by using enzymatic hydrolysis coupled with membrane separation. The effects of enzyme type, molecular weight and volume of filtration on the enzymolysis?membrane separation process was investigated. The results showed that the molecular weight of the permeated liquid treated with 3 kDa ultrafiltration membrane was mainly distributed in 4.0, 1.6 and 0.6 kDa, share ratio were 13.7%, 34.8% and 51.4%. The molecular weight of the permeated liquid treated with 8 kDa ultrafiltration membrane was mainly distributed in 8.3, 4.0, 1.6 and 0.6 kDa, share ratio were 14.5%, 22.7%, 37.7% and 25.1%. It was found that the protein conversion rate was increased by 15% compared with the traditional enzymatic hydrolysis process, thus, enzymatic degradation coupled membrane separation is possible strategy for preparation of uniform molecular weight collagen peptide.

Preparation of Biochemical Agar Using Gracilaria Agar as Raw Material

Jianhua DU Ting LI Hui NI Zedong JIANG Anfeng XIAO Yanbing ZHU

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 434-440. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217228

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The key physicochemical properties of the domestic gracilaria agar and five kinds of commercial biochemical agars were investigated and compared, and the preparation technology of the biochemical agar was further studied by using the carboxymethyl modification method to decrease the melting temperature and promote the transparency of gracilaria agar and further optimized to produce biochemical agar. The results revealed that the gracilaria agar showed related higher melting temperature and lower transparency than these biochemical agars, which were the primary distinctive physicochemical properties between the gracilaria agar and these biochemical agars. The optimized preparation parameters were as follows: the amount of chloroacetic acid was 0.15 g/g and the reaction temperature was 60℃. Under these optimal conditions, 70.8% of Na2SO4 and 57% of NaOH can be reduced respectively through the reutilization of the reaction liquid. The physicochemical properties of synthetic carboxymethyl agar produced by the pilot-scale tests were in accordance with those obtained in the small-scale tests. Meanwhile, the synthetic carboxymethyl agar was consistent with the domestic and international quality standards of the biochemical agars. Moreover, the synthetic carboxymethyl agar possessed a better gel strength and transparency than those commercial biochemical agars. In addition, there is no significant difference between the carboxymethyl agar prepared by the pilot-scale tests and the commercial biochemical agars such as Sigma A6686 and 028990 in the microbial growth tests. The raw materials cost of carboxymethyl agar (1 t/d) is ￥120700.

Influences of Surface Characteristics of Energy Microalgae on Its Harvesting Performance by Air Flotation

Zhou SHEN Hao WEN Xiangying REN Jun LIU Liwei YANG Yanpeng LI

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2018, 18(2): 441-446. DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217271

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Two algal species Chlorella vulgaris and Anabaena vasriabilis were chosen as typical energy microalgae to investigate the surface characteristics of microaglae. The surface potential and hydrophobicity was examined based on the extend XDLVO theory. According to the Zeta potential, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C16TAB) was used as cationic surfactant for flotation. The results showed that both two strains carried with negative charge, and free energy of cohesion for C. vulgaris was 1.21 mJ/m2, and ?55.85 mJ/m2 for A. varsriabilis, which meant hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity respectively. A. varsriabilis performed better harvesting rate than C. vulgaris. The maximums concentration factor (12.45 for C. vulgaris and 1.3 for A. varsriabilis) toped at the pH which charged most negatively (pH=7 for C. vulgaris and pH=9 for A. varsriabilis). Nevertheless, harvesting rate toped at pH=10, which meant it could not reach the maximum with the concentration factor in the same condition, may owing to the drainage of the tonoplast. Meanwhile, after adding 80 mg/L C16TAB into the algal solution, the hydrophobicity rate for C. vulgaris raised from 19% to 64%, and the harvesting rate increased by 67.38%.

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