Table of Content

20 August 2015, Volume 15 Issue 4

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Migration Characteristics of Alkali Metals in Zhundong High-alkali Coal from Xinjiang

SONG Guo-liang QI Xiao-bin SONG Wei-jian LU Qing-gang

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  541-547.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215210

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The distribution and migration characteristics of alkali metals in Shenhua Zhundong high-alkali coal at different gasification temperatures were studied with a 0.25 t/d high alkali coal thermochemical conversion apparatus. The experimental results show that sodium in the coal exists mainly in a water soluble form, and potassium mainly in an insoluble form. At different gasification temperatures, sodium content of bottom ash is generally higher than that of the circulating ash, the higher the gasification temperature is, the greater the impact of gasification temperature on the fly ash alkali metal distribution characteristics is, the migration characteristics of sodium is significantly different from that of potassium. At the gasification temperatures from 850 to 1000℃, 86.7%~93.1% of sodium in the coal is condensated in fly ash, sodium in fly ash exists mainly in NaCl crystal phase form.

Prediction Model for Optimizing Preparation of SiO2-based Phase Change and Humidity Storage Composites with Uniform Design and Back-propagation Neural Network

ZHANG Hao GU Heng-xing HUANG Xin-jie LIU Xiu-yu

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  548-554.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215206

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With SiO2 as carrier, fatty acid as phase change material, SiO2-based phase change and humidity storage composites were prepared. The scheme was optimized by uniform design in a combination with BP neural network to optimize preparation of SiO2-based phase change and humidity storage composites. The performance of optimal SiO2-based composites were characterized. The results show that the optimal parameters are solution pH value 3.63, ultrasonic wave power 100 W, molar ratio of deionized water to tetraethyl orthosilicate 9.71, molar ratio of absolute alcohol to tetraethyl orthosilicate 5.18 and molar ratio of fatty acid to tetraethyl orthosilicate 0.51. The optimal equilibrium moisture content under the relative humidity of 97.30% is 0.3057 g/g, cooling time from 30℃ down to 15℃ is 1445 s, and overall performance of phase change and humidity storage is 1.6014. The experimental results and the model prediction are in good agreement (relative error is -1.70%~1.89%). The optimal SiO2-based phase change and humidity storage composites form with fatty acid coated on SiO2 network pore structure, and have the particle size distribution at about 100 nm. The above mentioned results verify the analysis with quadratic regression equation on the results obtained in uniform experimental design.

Forecast on f-CaO Content in Steel Slag with Natural Aging by Exponential Smoothing Model Based on Wavelet Analysis

ZHANG Hao YANG Gang LIU Xiu-yu LIU Ying ZHU Qing-ming

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  555-558.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215180

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Natural aging method was used to deal with Baosteel short-flow (BSSF) steel slag, content of free CaO (f-CaO) in BSSF steel slag monitored, and the change mechanism analyzed. Exponential smoothing model based on wavelet analysis was established by wavelet analysis theory and exponential smoothing method to forecast the f-CaO content of steel slag in natural aging. The results showed that f-CaO content of BSSF steel slag was effectively reduced by natural aging method to meet the requirements of safe use, namely f-CaO content in type A steel slag was about 1.2% after 180 d and in type B steel slag about 5.0%~6.0 % after 60 d. Exponential smoothing model based on wavelet analysis predicted data agreed well with the experimental data, the relative error was -3.442%~4.651%, it could increase the prediction accuracy efficiently of the f-CaO content of steel slag in natural aging.

Research on Concentration of Zinc Oxide Ore with High Content Slime from Tengchong

RAN Jin-cheng LIU Quan-jun ZHANG Zhi-guo LI Di-fei

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  559-566.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215202

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Tengchong zinc oxide ore was studied for the technological problems of fine mineral dissemination and high content slime. The results show that the grade of zinc in the ore is 6.65% and the iron 12.31%. The oxidation date of zinc is up to 92.83%, calamine is the main existing form of the zinc and iron mainly in the form of magnetite. After comparative experiments of multiple trials processes, it is determined that the processes of washing are used in advance for removing the particles less than 37 μm, and the sand grinding and magnetic flotation separation are followed. The optimum particle fineness of 91.74% less than 75 μm is fixed, and the current of low intensity magnetic separation is 4 A. The roughing reagent system consists of sodium carbonate 2 kg/t, sodium hexametaphosphate 2 kg/t, sodium sulfide 13 kg/t and KPR 2 kg/t. By the closed circuit experiments, the zinc concentrate of zinc grade 27.89% and the recovery rate of 75.26%, and the iron concentrate of iron grade 61.25% and the recovery rate of 51.65% are obtained. And the functional mechanism of KPR with calamine is also analyzed based on the Zeta potential measurement.

Leaching Kinetics of Silver from Sintering Dust with Thiourea

CHANG Jun ZHANG Er-dong ZHOU Jun-wen ZHANG Li-bo PENG Jin-hui REN Xiao-peng

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  567-573.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215177

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Using the sintering dust containing Ag from iron and steel metallurgical process as raw material, on the basis of phase analysis, an efficient leaching process of silver with thiourea from the dust was proposed. The effects of particle size, temperature, concentration of thiourea, leaching time and stirring speed on leaching rate of silver were examined. The results showed that silver leaching rate from water washed sintering dust could reach 90% under the conditions of ratio of liquid volume to solid mass 8 mL/g, 22 g/L thiourea and stirring speed at 400 r/min for 120 min. The leaching of silver conformed well to the shrinking core model with internal diffusion control. The apparent activation energy of silver reaction was calculated as 29.7 kJ/mol and the reaction order in acidic thiourea solution was approximately 1.

Extraction of Aromatic Compounds with Hydrophobic Ionic Liquid and Its Regeneration

MA Shao-ling WANG Jie PENG Jing ZHOU Ai-dong JIANG Deng-chao

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  574-578.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215168

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The performance of three kinds of hydrophobic ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophos phate [Bmim][PF6], 1-butyl-3-ethylimidazolium hexafluorophos phate [Beim][PF6] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl] imide [Bmim][Tf2N], on extraction of aromatic compounds such as aniline and phenol derivatives from aqueous solution was investigated, aniline was primarily chosen as representative to optimize the extraction process, and the regeneration of [Bmim][PF6] was studied emphatically. The results showed that IL had good ability in the extraction with the partition coefficient as high as 34.1 when [Bmim][PF6] and aniline aqueous solution was mixed with the phase ratio of 0.2 and stirring for 10 min at 25℃. The partition coefficient was higher than the normal organic solvent such as toluene and 1-octanol. Molecular structure of aromatic compounds was found to have a great influence on the extraction. Due to the increase of the hydrophobicity of solute, the partition coefficient of aromatic compounds was increased. When diethyl ether was used as stripping agent, the recovery rate of aniline and IL was 93.1% and 95.2%, respectively. Both of aniline and IL could be recycled.

Optimization and Kinetics on Extraction of Alumina from Coal Gangue by Acid Leaching

LIU Cheng-long XIA Ju-pei ZHANG Yong-bo

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  579-583.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215181

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Coal gangue in Panxian, Guizhou Province, was used to extract alumina by leaching with concentrated sulfuric acid. The single factor and orthogonal experiments were conducted to examine the factors influencing the leaching rate of alumina such as the mass ratio of acid to gangue, reaction time and reaction temperature. The optimal conditions and leaching kinetics of this process were also studied. The results show that under the optimal conditions of mass ratio of acid to gangue 1.4(w), reaction time 4 h, and reaction temperature 170℃, the leaching rate of alumina reaches 98.47%. The leaching kinetic study shows that the acid leaching process of alumina form coal gangue can be described with the unreacted shrinking core model of particle unchanged shrinking core model, and the leaching reaction is controlled by interface chemical reaction. The corresponding equation of reaction kinetics can be expressed as 1-(1-x)1/3=kt, and the activation energy of leaching reaction is 61.32 kJ/mol.

Extraction and Separation of Iron and Aluminum Ions from Acid Leaching Solution of Fly Ash

JIA Guang-lin LI Ming-yu WANG Qi-yao LIU Hai-hao

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  584-588.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215152

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The extraction and separation of iron and aluminum ions from acid leaching solution of fly ash were carried out in the composite extraction system with CH3C(O)N(CH(CH3)C6H13)2 (N503) and tributyl phosphate (TBP) as extractants, n-octanol as modifier and kerosene as diluent. The effects of concentration of HCl in aqueous phase, concentration of chlorine ion and volume fraction of N503 in organic phase on the extraction were examined. And stripping of iron from the iron-loaded organic phase with low HCl solution was conducted and the optimum conditions were obtained by the countercurrent experiments. The results showed that over 99.8% of iron was extracted, but aluminum almost remained unchanged, from the extraction system of 30%(j) N503, 10%(j) TBP, 10%(j) n-octanol and 50%(j) kerosene under the conditions of initial iron concentration at 0.96 mol/L, aluminum concentration 0.22 mol/L, extractant phase ratio O/A 2:1 and five extraction stages. 0.01 mol/L HCl solution was used as stripping solution, under the stripping conditions of phase ratio O/A at 3:1 and six stripping stages, the iron concentration in the final stripping solution reached 1.8 mol/L. In addition, the FT-IR spectra of both the pure and iron-loaded phases were also presented.

Removal of Sulfur Dioxide from Flue Gas with a Novel Rotating Packed Bed

ZHANG Fang-fang LIU You-zhi QI Gui-sheng GU De-yin

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  589-593.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215211

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The absorption of SO2 in flue gas with sodium hydroxide solution in a novel rotating packed bed was studied. The effects of high gravity factor, ratio of liquid to gas and gas flow rate on removal rate of SO2 (h) and mass transfer coefficient (KGa) were examined experimentally. Besides, the effect of number of cycles on h and pH of absorbing solution under the condition of circulation absorption was also studied. The results showed that h increased with the increase of high gravity factor, ratio of liquid to gas, but decreased with the increase of gas flow rate, and KGa increased with the increase of high gravity factor, ratio of liquid to gas and gas flow rate. Under the condition of circulation absorption, h and pH value of absorbing solution decreased with the increase of number of cycles. The optimum experimental conditions were obtained as high gravity factor of 67, gas flow rate of 55 m3/h, and ratio of liquid to gas of 1.1~1.3 L/m3. Under the optimized conditions, SO2 concentration of exit gas was reduced to below 100 mg/m3, and h reached around 98.7%. The removal rate of SO2 in the novel RPB was 18.7% higher compared with that of a multi-stage-spraying rotating packed bed. Based on the experimental data, the empirical formula of KGa was expressed as .

Mathematical Simulation on Adsorption of Aurous Cyanide Ion with Activated Carbon

YANG Zhong-shan LIU Yao-ting WANG Bao HAN Li-hui LIU Qing

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  594-598.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215041

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Adsorption of aurous cyanide ion in gold-bearing industrial wastewater on activated carbon in a Φ0.2 m′0.5 m adsorption column was simulated by replacing aurous cyanide ion with nickel ion, and the breakthrough curves of aurous cyanide ion and adsorption capacity distribution under different conditions were obtained. The results show that at the feeding flow rate of 0.001 m3/s, feeding concentration of 7.614′10-5 kmol/m3 and mass transferring coefficient of 0.001 s-1, the beginning and completing adsorption breakthrough time of aurous cyanide ion absorbed by activated carbon was 47.61 h and 124.14 h, respectively. With increasing of the feeding flow rate and feed concentration, the breakthrough time was shortened. The adsorption breakthrough curves did not change with mass transferring coefficient any more when the value of mass transferring coefficient was over 0.001 s-1.

Gasification Activation Energy of Biomass Chars Based on Simple Collision Theory

SHAO Zhen-hua WANG Xiao-han ZENG Xiao-jun WU Yong

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  599-606.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215212

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The isothermal gasification of eleven raw biomass chars and six acid-washed biomass chars was performed under CO2 atmosphere, using a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) over the temperature ranges of 750~1000℃ and 800~1000℃, respectively. The dimensionless procedures of rc by using rc,0.2 were made. In 750~900℃ for raw chars and 800~1000℃ for acid-washed chars, the curves of dimensionless gasification reaction rate with carbon conversion rate for every char are overlapped at different temperatures after the carbon conversion rate reaches 0.2, which shows the gasification rates may be controlled by the similar evolution rules. Based on the simple collision theory (SCT) of chemical reaction kinetics, the kinetic rate expression of biomass chars during gasification reaction process was derived and activation energy of seventeen biomass chars was calculated. Combined with the catalysis theory, the empirical prediction model of activation energy for biomass chars was deduced on the basis of SCT. The results show that there is a good logarithmic relationship between the activation energy and the proportion of active sites occupied by the catalysts. It can be predicted that the intrinsic activation energy of the biomass char may tend to a certain value 254.35 kJ/mol if the catalytic effect of the metallic element is ignored, and the activation energy of the biomass char is about 66.02 kJ/mol for fully catalytic reaction.

New MURC Smelting Process for Enhancement of Dephosphorization under Low Hot Metal Ratio

CHEN Shao-chun ZHU Rong HUANG Biao-cai YANG Zhu-fang LU Di-wei LIN Xin-qiang

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  607-613.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215114

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The technical characteristics of multi-functional refining in converter (MURC) were studied, an new MURC smelting process under low hot metal ratio to meet the actual production conditions in Fujian Sansteel Minguang Co., Ltd. was developed. The results show that promoting the melting of lime during dephosphorization period is the key step for new MURC process. Adjusting the charging amount of lime according to the Si content in hot metal is helpful to controlling the melting of lime and slag basicity. Under the condition of low hot metal ratio, in order to catch the kinetic requirements of smelting reaction in dephosphorization period, higher smelting temperature in 1330~1360℃ should be required, and the target slag basicity and total Fe content in slag should be lower compared with conventional process. The industrial tests of new MURC process show that average tapping C content of smelted steel is 0.183%, and average tapping P content 0.0183%, and average dephosphorization rate more than 90%. At the same time, compared with conventional process, the new MURC process saves the consumption of steel material about 2.3 kg/t and consumption of lime 11.2 kg/t averagely.

Effects of KNO3 on Thermal Reaction and Ignition Combustion Characteristics of Al with CO2

SUN Rong ZHU Bao-zhong SUN Yun-lan WANG Ting WANG Shuang

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  614-619.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215159

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The effects of KNO3 on the thermal reaction characteristics and ignition combustion phenomenon of nano-aluminum powder in CO2 were studied by thermal analysis techniques and visualization tube furnace. The results show that ignition temperature of nano-aluminum powder decreases with the increase of KNO3 concentration, the ignition temperature of nano-aluminum powder with 1%(w) and 5%(w) KNO3 can be reduced by 18.3 and 37.9℃, respectively, and the combustion characteristic index of nano-aluminum powder increases, but the incremental rate gradually declines. Ignition of nano-aluminum powder with addition of KNO3 can be accelerated, so the oxidation of aluminum powder is more violent. Furthermore, the combustion products of nano-aluminum powder with KNO3 not only contain a large amount of a-Al2O3 and a small amount of activated Al, but also have g-Al2O3.

Pyrolysis Characteristics of Coal in Cooling Process of Copper Slag Molten Reduction Tailings

WEI Jun-qiang LI Lei XIE Xiao-feng WANG Fei LIU Ji-lei HU Jian-hang

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  620-625.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215172

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The pyrolysis characteristics of coal in cooling process of the high temperature molten tailings produced in copper slag smelting reduction process with both single coal and coal-slag mixture samples were studied by kinetic calculation, and XRD and meteorological chromatography analysis. The results showed that under the initial temperature of 1200℃ and cooling rate of 6.667 K/min, the maximum mass loss rate of coal increased, the corresponding time point ended before 6~7.5 min and final mass loss quantity increased 3.08%~6.3% with the coal-slag mixture compared with the single coal pyrolysis. The CaO component in the slag had dehydrogenation effect on the coal aromatic rings, leading to the increase of content of H2 in pyrolysis gas. Pyrolysis of both samples showed the first order reaction, and the activation energy of primary pyrolysis and gasification reaction of coal-slag mixture sample decreased compared with the single coal. But the main pyrolysis activation energy of coal-slag mixture increased compared with the single coal, because the reducibility in the main pyrolysis bed caused the reduction of high valence iron oxides. The increase of reaction types made the apparent activation energy become higher.

Exergy Analysis on Gasification Process of Biomass via Air

ZHU Lin CHEN Hu JIANG Peng

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  626-631.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215195

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Aspen Plus software combined with Fortran programming was employed to study gasification of biomass via air based on a fixed bed reactor, and pine, corn stalks, sawdust were selected as gasification feedstock. The effects of equivalent ratio (ER) and biomass moisture content on dry gas lower heating value, gasification temperature, dry gas composition and exergy efficiency were examined. The results showed that when biomass moisture content was at a certain value, along with the increase of ER, CO content rose up first and then decreased, H2 content decreased, dry gas lower heating value declined and gasification temperature increased while exergy efficiency rose up first and then decreased, when ER was constant, along with biomass moisture increased, CO content decreased, H2 content rose up first and then decreased, dry gas lower heating value declined while gasification temperature decreased first and then increased. Under the biomass moisture of 20%, the maximum exergy efficiency for gasification process of pine, corn stalks and sawdust was 61.67%, 60.23% and 54.98%, respectively, and the corresponding ER 0.25, 0.2 and 0.15, respectively.

Effect of Scaffolding Location Distribution in Blast Furnace on Gas Distribution

ZHAO Guo-lei CHENG Shu-sen LI Chao ZHAO Jun

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  632-638.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215174

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Taking a 3200 m3 actual blast furnace as research object, a two-dimensional steady mathematical model related with gas flow and heat transfer in blast furnace is established, and on the basis of configuration of scaffoldings with 4 different height locations, the distances from the center of scaffolding to model bottom are 8.4, 10, 12 and 15 m, respectively, the effects of scaffolding position distribution on gas flow and heat transfer between gas and burden are numerically examined. The results show that to some extent, with the increase of scaffolding height location, top height of the formed cohesive zone decreases, root height increases, and total height of cohesive zone decrease with 9.85, 9.25, 8.36 and 6.92 m respectively, leading to the decrease of coke slit layer number and deterioration of cohesive zone in permeability. Meanwhile, total pressure drop in blast furnace increases with 171, 174, 179 and 192 kPa in turn at the section line of radial distance 4 m. And the central gas proportion decreases compared with peripheral gas, while the temperature difference between central gas and peripheral gas decreases with 742, 549, 429 and 318 K in turn at the section line of height 8 m.

Three-dimensional Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer in the Shell Side of Quincunx Orifice Baffle Longitudinal Flow Type Heat Exchanger

LI Ya-xia LOU Yan ZHAN Hong-ren ZHANG Jing WU Jian-hua

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  639-645.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215199

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Based on the 3-dimensional physical model of quincunx orifice baffle longitudinal flow type heat exchanger, numerical simulation was performed to study fluid flow and heat transfer in the shell side. The RNG k-e turbulent model was adopted. Air was taken as working medium. And the effects of quincunx hole opening ratio on the baffle y at 0.148, 0.18 and 0.214 respectively and Reynolds number in the range from 4000 to 12000 on the heat transfer and pressure drop of exchanger were examined. The numerical simulation results indicate that wall jets will form when fluid flows through the quincunx holes, thus the degree of fluid mixing and heat transfer will be enhanced under the action of jet entrainment and secondary flow. Mean Nusselt number of shell side Nu and flow resistance per unit shell length Δp/lz will increase with the decrease of y and L. Compared with a single segmental baffle heat exchanger under the same conditions, Nu value of the quincunx orifice baffle exchanger is increased 14.9%~52.88%, the corresponding variance ratio of Dp ranges from 152.85% to -16.62% and the comprehensive coefficients PEC between 1.03 and 1.44 in the research scope. The comprehensive heat transfer performance can be improved by increasing y or L properly.

Preparation of Grafted PMAA/SiO2 Particles in Non-aqueous Media by Surface-initiated Grafting Polymerization and Their Adsorption Property for Ferulic Acid

MENG Jian CHEN Lu-lu LI Yan-bin GAO Bao-jiao

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  646-652.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215191

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Micron-sized silica gel particles were surface-modified with the coupling agent γ-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPMS), and the modified MPMS-SiO2 particles with surface bonding of mercapto groups were obtained. In non-aqueous solvent dimethylformamide (DMF), a surface-initiating system -SH/AIBN was constructed by the mercapto groups on MPMS-SiO2 and azodiisobutyronitrile dissolved in the solution, and the graft-polymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) in the non-aqueous solvent was realized, obtaining the grafted particles PMAA/SiO2. The grafted particles were characterized, and the effects of the main factors on the graft-polymerization of MAA examined. On this basis, the adsorption of grafted particles PMAA/SiO2 for ferulic acid as a phenolic acid compound with hydrogen bonding was tested. The results show that the -SH/AIBN can smoothly initiate the graft-polymerization on silica gel particles in a non-aqueous solvent, the suitable temperature is 75℃, and appropriate content of AIBN 1.5% of the monomer mass. There is very strong hydrogen bonding including the strong and multi-site common hydrogen bond and π type hydrogen bond, leading to a strong adsorption ability of the grafted particles PMAA/SiO2 for ferulic acid at 266 mg/g. In the protonic solvent, methyl alcohol, the competitive adsorption of the solvent on the grafted particles PMAA/SiO2 makes the adsorption capacity of ferulic acid to decrease, and raising the temperature also makes the adsorption capacity of ferulic acid to decrease.

Particle Size Uniformity of White Oil Adjuvant and Its Related Inflammation and Immunological Effect

LIU Yan-nan WANG Lian-yan; YANG Ting-yuan LIU Yan-hui MA Guang-hui

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  653-658.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215189

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Chicken NDV-AIV bigeminal vaccine white oil emulsion adjuvant was prepared by high speed stirring (HS) and rapid membrane emulsification (ME), respectively, the relationship between emulsion uniformity and inflammation and immunological effect injection sites was studied. The results showed that emulsion particle size of both kinds of vaccine were about 1.0 mm. Polydispesity index (PDI) value of ME vaccine was 0.036, and that of HS vaccine 0.279. ME vaccine showed better uniformity. The two kinds of vaccine had no significant difference in HI and IgG antibody level. Inflammatory factor IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17 and TNF-a gene expression levels of HS vaccine were up to 45, 7, 25 and 80 pg/mL, which were significantly higher than that of ME vaccine (the expression quantities were all less than 5 pg/mL). The white oil emulsion adjuvant with uniform size could induce enough immune protection, and cause milder inflammation.

Treatment of Heavy Metal Ions in Wastewater with Biomass-immobilized Sulfate Reducing Bacteria

YU Cai-hong LI Chun-yan LIU Juan ZHANG Wan-zhong WU Dong-kui DING Yan-yan ZHU Xiao-jing DONG Yu-sen

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  659-664.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215169

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In order to improve the treatment efficiency of heavy metal wastewater, SRB immobilized on sodium alginate and three kinds of biomass-immobilization carriers (rice chaff, corn cob, straw) was used to treat single heavy metal (700 mg/L Fe2+, 75 mg/L Cu2+, 120 mg/L Pb2+, 80 mg/L Cd2+) wastewater, rice chaff was screened as the best immobilization carrier. In addition, the treatment effect of simulated heavy metal wastewater (containing 400 mg/L Fe2+, 30 mg/L Cu2+, 50 mg/L Pb2+, 40 mg/L Cd2+) was further studied. The results showed that the removal rates of heavy metals were 99%, 100%, 100%, 100%, respectively, as removing single heavy metal by SRB immobilized on rice chaff. The removal rates of Fe2+, Cu2+, Pb2+ and Cd2+ in simulated heavy metal wastewater were 98.06%, 100%, 99.35% and 100%, respectively.

A New Light Attenuation Model on Microalgal Suspensions Based on Package Effect

TAN Ri-ming MAO Ling-wen ZHANG Zhi-bin WANG Ya YANG Hui-lin ZHU Du

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  665-669.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215201

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A new exponential model of light attenuation, Ka=Kam+Cexp(-eX), was proposed on the basis of package effect theory and light attenuation experiments in different microalgal suspensions. The correlation coefficient of this model was evaluated as over 0.99 based on the experimental data from literatures. The minimum attenuation coefficient Kam, constant parameter C and proportional coefficient e were dependent on the types of microalgae, but the value of Kam+C was relatively stable. Moreover, the value of actual attenuation coefficient Ka in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 was about 240 m2/kg in spite of the alteration of pigment content.

Coproduction of Activated Carbon and Silica from Rice Husk

KONG Yan YAO Chang-bin ZENG Ming CHU Mo Vo Thi Diem Kieu XU Guang-wen

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  670-676.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215200

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Coproduction process of activated carbon and silica with rice husk as raw material was studied. The carbonized rice husk was first treated by acid and alkali, the obtained solid residue was further activated to make activated carbon, and the sodium silicate solution was precipitated to prepare silica. The results showed that the specific surface area of activated carbon was 961.8 m2/g, and adsorption capacities of iodine and methylene blue were 1270 and 300 mg/g. Compared with such parameters of activated carbon from carbonized material without deashing, the specific surface area and total pore volume were increased by 136% and 103.8%, respectively. The optimal conditions for making silica were obtained as 10%(j) HCl and 2.5 mol/L NaOH in pretreatment and further calcination at 600℃. The particle size of obtained silica was about 40~60 nm with an amorphous structure. Its maximal specific surface area was 330 m2/g and purity 99.84%, respectively.

Preparation of TEMPO Immobilized on CPS Microspheres and Its Catalytic Oxidation Activity in Oxidation of Alcohols by Molecular Oxygen

DONG Ting-ting BI Cong-cong GAO Bao-jiao

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  677-682.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215205

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The immobilization of 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine nitroxide (TEMPO) on cross-linked polystyrene (CPS) microspheres was realized via Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction and nucleophilic substitution reaction, and the heterogeneous catalyst microspheres TEMPO/CPS were obtained successfully. The chemical structure and morphology of TEMPO/CPS microspheres were characterized. The effects of different factors on the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction between chlorobutyryl chloride (CBC) and CPS microspheres were examined, and the reaction conditions were optimized. Finally, a co-catalyst system was constructed by TEMPO/CPS and Fe(NO3)3, which was used in the oxidation reaction processes of cinnamyl alcohol as a primary alcohol and 1-phenethyl alcohol as a secondary alcohol with molecular oxygen as oxidant, respectively. The results show that for the Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction between CBC and CPS microspheres, the optimum Lewis acid catalyst is AlCl3, and the suitable solvent chloroform. During the reaction process, the additional cross-linking reaction occurs, which will weaken the strength of the microspheres. The Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction should be carried out at 75℃ and the reaction time should be 5 h. The co-catalyst system of TEMPO/CPS and Fe(NO3)3 possesses high catalytic activity, and under the conditions of lower temperature and ordinary pressure of oxygen, it can make 1-phenethyl alcohol highly effectively transform into acetophenone (1-phenethyl alcohol conversion rate of 88% at 75℃ for 24 h) and cinnamyl alcohol into cinnamic aldehyde.

Preparation of Nano-TiO2/CNT/ZrO2 Film Electrode and Its Electrocatalytic Reduction Property to 2-Pyridinaldehyde

QIN Guo-xu CHENG Dong LI Lei ZHANG Min WAN Xin-jun

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  683-687.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215207

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Nano-TiO2/CNT/ZrO2 complex film was prepared by sol-gel process, on the nanoTiO2/CNT/ZrO2 composite film electrode, electrocatalytic reduction of 2-pyridinaldehyde in the ionic liquid electrolyte of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMI]BF4) was studied by cyclic voltammetry and bulk electrolysis. The results showed that the composite film had a porous mesh structure, TiO2 and ZrO2 particles were about 20 nm, which were loaded on carbon nanotubes (CNT) with the diameter of about 40~60 nm, the catalytic performance of nano-TiO2 modified by ZrO2 and CNT was greatly improved. In the indirect electroreduction of 2-pyridinaldehyde to 2-piperidinemethanol by Ti(IV)/Ti(III) redox system on nanoTiO2/CNT/ZrO2 complex film surface in [EMI]BF4, the yield and current efficiency were approximately 83% and 85.6% at -1.40 V, respectively. The electrode reaction mechanism was the called catalytic mechanism.

Preparation and Characterization of Polyaniline/Copper Oxide Nanocomposite Particles

WANG Hong-yu BEN Lian-fang TIAN Hua WANG Zhi-bo

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  688-792.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215131

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The polyaniline (PANI)/CuO nanocomposite particles were synthesized by in situ polymerization, and characterized in structure and morphology. The result indicated that nanometer CuO particles were successfully coated by polyaniline on their surface, and PANI/CuO composite nanoparticles with rod-shaped core-shell structure obtained. Nano CuO had a good catalytic performance and could speed up the decomposition of H2O2, the accumulation of gas volume eventually reached 1500 mL. Conductivity of PANI/CuO nanocomposite particles decreased obviously and the performance on electrical conductivity of composite nanoparticles gradually declined and reduced to 0.02 S/cm, when the content of nano CuO was 0.6 g. PANI/CuO nanocomposite particles had good antibacterial properties, the maximal antibacterial diameters of staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli reached up to 35.8 and 19.6 mm.

Synthesis of Strong Acid Polymeric Ionic Liquids and Their Catalysis of Esterification

ZHANG Wen LI Mei-sheng ZHOU Shou-yong ZHAO Yi-jiang XING Wei-hong

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  693-697.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215223

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Three kinds of acid polymeric ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared by a two-step method. The characterization results showed that the decomposition temperature was above 200℃. Both anion structures and the side chain length had effects on the activity of ILs. IL3 ([(CH2)4SO3HVIm]HSO4) was chosen to be immobilized on the modified attapulgite (ATP) for preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. The esterification reaction between oleic acid and methanol was selected to test the catalyst activity. When the reaction temperature was 65℃, molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid 6:1, and dosage of catalyst 0.7 g [the immobilization rate 36%(w)], the yield of methyl oleate reached over 58% after 5 h. After 4 reusing cycles of the ATP-PIL, the yield of methyl oleate was still above 33%. Moreover, the catalyst could be easily separated and recycled.

Electrochemical Properties of GdCl3 in LiCl-KCl Molten Salt System

ZHOU Wen LIU Ya-lan WANG Chang-fu ZHU Xia-ping

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  698-702.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215230

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The electrochemical behavior of Gd3+ in LiCl-KCl eutectic system on a tungsten electrode was studied, relevant thermodynamic and kinetic properties of the Gd3+/Gd redox reaction were investigated by chronopotentiometry and improved open-circuit chronopotentiometry techniques. The results showed that the Gd3+ reduction on a tungsten cathode occurred in a single step pattern. The apparent standard enthalpy and entropy for the GdCl3 formation were calculated to be -1030.475 kJ/mol and -198.2 J/K, and the diffusion coefficient was 0.62×10-5 cm2/s at 691 K.

Synthesis and Photocatalytic Degradation Performance of Molybdovanadophosphoric Heteropoly Acid

HOU Yue WANG Yi-bo GAO Li-hua ZHANG Xin WANG Yi-juan YANG Jun-qing ZHAO Ming QING Miao-qing

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  703-707.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215166

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Molybdovanadophosphoric heterpoly acid H7[P2Mo17VO62]×39H2O was prepared from NH4VO3, NaH2PO4 and Na2MoO4 step by step, and characterized by IR spectrometry. Based on a model pollutant, Rhodamine B (RhB), the photocatalytic ability of H7[P2Mo17VO62]×39H2O was studied under UV-Vis light. The results showed that when H7[P2Mo17VO62]×39H2O was not added in the solution of RhB, the degradation rate of RhB was only 17.5% under UV-Vis light irradiation. Under UV-Vis light irradiation, the degradation rate had greatly improved while the concentration of prepared heteropoly acid was low in the solution of RhB, and the degradation rate increased with increasing of concentration of the heteropoly acid. And the degradation rate of RhB reached up to 75%. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism of RhB with Dawson type H7[P2Mo17VO62]×39H2O was also analyzed.

Preparation of Fe2+-doped Straw Carbon Electrode and Its Adsorption Properties to Zn2+ from Wastewater

XIE Yong CHEN Xiang-feng ZHAO Guo-qing WANG Hong-yan ZHANG Rui

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  708-712.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215142

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Corn straw was carbonized in a non-oxygen atmosphere to obtain straw carbon, and Fe2+-doped carbon electrode was synthesized by hydrothermal method with glucose as adhesive through the reaction of FeSO4×7H2O with the straw carbon. Its microstructure and morphology were analyzed. The effects of voltage, time and pH value on adsorption removal of Zn2+ from wastewater by the Fe2+ doped carbon electrode were examined. The results show that the electrode has a best adsorption rate of 88.2% when the mass ratio of corn straw carbon to FeSO4×7H2O is 1:1 and under the conditions of adsorption at the voltage of 14 V, 150 min and pH 8.0.

Advances in Research and Application of Aluminium Electrolysis in Ionic Liquid Systems

ZHENG Yong WANG Qian ZHENG Yong-jun LV Hui-chao

Chin. J. Process Eng.. 2015, 15(4):  713-720.  DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215194

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The inherent problems of traditional high-temperature electrolytic process for aluminium production are pointed out. On this basis, the structure and properties of ionic liquids as novel low-temperature molten salts are summarized. The typical features, recent research and application progress in low-temperature electrolysis of aluminium from ionic liquids are reviewed systematically. The reaction temperature of aluminium electrolysis in ionic liquids drops to below 100℃, even near room temperature. The energy consumption is generally lower than 10 kW×h/kg. Meanwhile, the release of waste products, such as CO2, CO and HF, is notably reduced. When aluminium is used as soluble anode, this technology can also be used in aluminium refining, preparation of relative alloys and nano-crystalline powder. It not only increases the current efficiency and purity of products, but also expands the categories of production and research fields in aluminium industry. Future work should gain deep insight into the relationship between molecular structure and physicochemical properties of ionic liquids. And it is necessary to establish regulation mechanism of electrochemical reaction and accomplish the scale-up of technology.