Toward green chemistry: integrating life cycle with environmental risk assessment of chemicals
Yiping XU1*, Zijian WANG2
1. Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China 2. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
Abstract：The principles of green chemistry and the precautionary principle encourage manufacturers and regulators to minimize the generation and use of toxic substances and seek safer alternatives. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) are considered as major analytic approaches used to support chemical sustainable management and decisions. ERA focuses on predicting the likelihood of a certain effect when dealing with hazard chemicals, by comparing the predicted total exposure of certain receptors to hazard chemicals with corresponding thresholds. LCA is typically invoked to achieve sustainability in green design by comparing the environmental performance of different chemical products, or different life cycle phases of the product. Both ERA and LCA have their specific concept framework and methodology respectively, consequently can supply decision makers with different types of information. However, each method alone has certain limitation during actual application. Integrated framework of two methods can fill the gaps and make strong support for chemical sustainable management. Therefore, different integration approaches, which claimed integration, combination, complementary or hybridization (trade-off) use of ERA and LCA are summarized in the present review. Several scientific issues and challenges on integration framework of ERA and LCA are discussed, i.e. data gap, spatial and temporal characteristics, use of toxicity data and combined effect, as well as coupling model issues and uncertainty. Finally some perspectives are presented on the application of LCA?ERA integrated methods in green chemistry. Communication of risk and hazard information of chemicals is vitally important in promoting hazard chemical reduction and replacement. Therefore the integrated approaches are suggested to identify safer alternatives to a chemical by utilizing an environmental risk assessment over the entire life cycle.
许宜平 王子健. 面向绿色化学：融合生命周期的化学品环境风险评价[J]. 过程工程学报, 2018, 18(S1): 43-51.
Yiping XU Zijian WANG. Toward green chemistry: integrating life cycle with environmental risk assessment of chemicals. Chin. J. Process Eng., 2018, 18(S1): 43-51.
[1]刘建国, 李力, 胡建信.高关注物质:中国化学品风险管理体制、能力和基础研究挑战[J].科学通报, 2013, 58(26):2643-50 [2]LIU J-G, LI L, HU J-X.Substances of very highly concerned (SVHCs): Regime,capacity and fundamental research challenge for chemical risk management in China[J].Chinese Science Bulletin, 2013, 58(26):2643-50 [3]ANASTAS P T, WARNER J C.Green chemistry : theory and practice [M]. Oxford University Press, 2000. [4]TICKNER J A, GEISER K.The precautionary principle stimulus for solutions- and alternatives-based environmental policy[J].Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2004, 24(7):801-24 [5]KUCZENSKI B, GEYER R, BOUGHTON B.Tracking toxicants: Toward a life cycle aware risk assessment[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(1):45-50 [6]HARDER R, HOLMQUIST H, MOLANDER S, et al.Review of Environmental Assessment Case Studies Blending Elements of Risk Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2015, 49(22):13083-93 [7]孙赵鑫, 施晓清, 杨建新.生命周期评价与环境风险评价方法整合研究述评; 全球可持续发展报告征文 [C], 2015. (in Chinese) [8]SUN J-X, SHI X-Q, YANG J-X.Integrated research on lifecycle analysis and environmental risk evaluation methods; Global Sustainable Deveopment Report Brief [C], 2015. [9]HELLWEG S, MIL I CANALS L.Emerging approaches,challenges and opportunities in life cycle assessment[J].Science, 2014, 344(6188):1109-13 [10]HAUSCHILD M Z, GOEDKOOP M, GUIN E J, et al.Identifying best existing practice for characterization modeling in life cycle impact assessment[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013, 18(3):683-97 [11]RACK M, VALDIVIA S, SONNEMANN G.Life Cycle Impact Assessment—where we are,trends,and next steps: a late report from a UNEPSETAC Life Cycle Initiative workshop and a few updates from recent developments[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013, 18(7):1413-20 [12]SOCOLOF M L, GEIBIG J R.Evaluating Human and Ecological Impacts of a Product Life Cycle: The Complementary Roles of Life-Cycle Assessment and Risk Assessment[J].Human & Ecological Risk Assessment, 2006, 12(3):510-27 [13]AISSANI L, JABOUILLE F, BOURGOIS J, et al.A new methodology for risk evaluation taking into account the whole life cycle (LCRA): Validation with case study[J].Process Safety & Environmental Protection, 2012, 90(4):295-303 [14]BARE J C.Risk Assessment and Life-Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) for Human Health Cancerous and Noncancerous Emissions: Integrated and Complementary with Consistency within the USEPA[J].Human & Ecological Risk Assessment, 2006, 12(3):493-509 [15]KHAN F I, SADIQ R, HUSAIN T.GreenPro-I: a risk-based life cycle assessment and decision-making methodology for process plant design[J].Environmental Modelling & Software, 2002, 17(8):669-92 [16]SONNEMANN G, CASTELLS F, SCHUHMACHER M, et al.Integrated life-cycle and risk assessment for industrial processes[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2004, 9(3):206-7 [17]杜翠红, 王中钰, 陈景文.化学品足迹:概念、研究进展及挑战[J].生态毒理学报, 2016, 11(2):18-26 [18]Du C H, Wang Z Y, Chen J W, et al.Chemical footprint: Concepts,research progress and challenges[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016, 11(2):18-26 [19]SALA S, GORALCZYK M.Chemical footprint: A methodological framework for bridging life cycle assessment and planetary boundaries for chemical pollution[J].Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 2013, 9(4):623-32 [20]POSTHUMA L, BROWN C D, ZWART D D, et al.Prospective mixture risk assessment and management prioritizations for river catchments with diverse land uses[J].Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2018, 37(3):715-28 [21]MATTILA T, VERTA M, SEPP L J.Comparing priority setting in integrated hazardous substance assessment and in life cycle impact assessment[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2011, 16(8):788-94 [22]LIM S R, LAM C W, SCHOENUNG J M.Priority screening of toxic chemicals and industry sectors in the US. toxics release inventory: a comparison of the life cycle impact-based and risk-based assessment tools developed by U.S. EPA[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2011, 92(9):2235-40 [23]CHRISTENSEN F M, OLSEN S I.The potential role of life cycle assessment in regulation of chemicals in the European union[J].The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2004, 9(5):327-327 [24]PENNINGTON D W, BARE J C.Comparison of Chemical Screening and Ranking Approaches: The Waste Minimization Prioritization Tool versus Toxic Equivalency Potentials[J].Risk Analysis, 2001, 21(5):897-897 [25]TIRUTA-BARNA L, BENETTO E, PERRODIN Y.Environmental impact and risk assessment of mineral wastes reuse strategies: Review and critical analysis of approaches and applications[J].Resources Conservation & Recycling, 2007, 50(4):351-79 [26]NISHIOKA Y, LEVY J, NORRIS G A, et al.A Risk-Based Approach to Health Impact Assessment for Input-Output Analysis,Part 1: Methodology[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2005, 10(3):193-9 [27]NISHIOKA Y, LEVY J, NORRIS G A, et al.A Risk-Based Approach to Health Impact Assessment for Input-Output Analysis Part 2 : Case Study of Insulation[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2005, 10(4):255-62 [28]REHR A P, SMALL M J, MATTHEWS H S, et al.Economic sources and spatial distribution of airborne chromium risks in the US[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(6):2131-7 [29]WRIGHT H E, ZHANG Q, MIHELCIC J R.Integrating economic input–output life cycle assessment with risk assessment for a screening-level analysis[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2008, 13(5):412-20 [30]LEMMING G, CHAMBON J C, BINNING P J, et al.Is there an environmental benefit from remediation of a contaminated site? Combined assessments of the risk reduction and life cycle impact of remediation[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2012, 112(24):392-403 [31]LEMMING G, HAUSCHILD M Z, CHAMBON J, et al.Environmental Impacts of Remediation of a Trichloroethene-Contaminated Site: Life Cycle Assessment of Remediation Alternatives[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2010, 44(23):9163-9169 [32]SPARREVIK M, SALORANTA T, CORNELISSEN G, et al.Use of life cycle assessments to evaluate the environmental footprint of contaminated sediment remediation[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2011, 45(10):4235-41 [33]REBITZER G, EKVALL T, FRISCHKNECHT R, et al.Life cycle assessment: Part 1: Framework,goal and scope definition,inventory analysis,and applications[J].Environment International, 2004, 30(5):701-20 [34]HAES H A U D, SLEESWIJK A W, HEIJUNGS R.Similarities,differences and synergisms between HERA and LCA: An analysis at three levels[J].Human & Ecological Risk Assessment, 2006, 12(3):431-49 [35]DHINGRA R, NAIDU S, UPRETI G, et al.Sustainable nanotechnology: through green methods and life-cycle thinking[J].Sustainability, 2010, 2(10):3323-38 [36]SHIH H C, MA H W.Life cycle risk assessment of bottom ash reuse[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 190(1):308-16 [37]MILAZZO M F, SPINA F.The use of the risk assessment in the life cycle assessment framework: human health impacts of a soy-biodiesel production[J].Management of Environmental Quality, 2015, 26(3):389-406 [38]PANKO J, HITCHCOCK K.Chemical footprint: Ensuring product sustainability[J].Air & Waste Management Association, 2011, (12):12-15 [39]ZIJP M C, POSTHUMA L, VAN DE MEENT D.Definition and Applications of a Versatile Chemical Pollution Footprint Methodology[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(18):10588-97 [40]BJ RN A, DIAMOND M, BIRKVED M, et al.Chemical Footprint Method for Improved Communication of Freshwater Ecotoxicity Impacts in the Context of Ecological Limits[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2014, 48(22):13253-62 [41]DE SCHRYVER A M, HUMBERT S, HUIJBREGTS M A J.The influence of value choices in life cycle impact assessment of stressors causing human health damage[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013, 18(3):698-706 [42]GREGORY J R, MONTALBO T M, KIRCHAIN R E.Analyzing uncertainty in a comparative life cycle assessment of hand drying systems[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 2013, 18(8):1605-17 [43]HUIJBREGTS M A, GILIJAMSE W, RAGAS A M, et al.Evaluating uncertainty in environmental life-cycle assessmentA case study comparing two insulation options for a Dutch one-family dwelling[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2003, 37(11):2600-8 [44]王中钰, 陈景文, 乔显亮, 等.面向化学品风险评价的计算预测毒理学[J].中国科学:化学, 2016, 46(2):1-21 [45]Wang Z Y, Chen J W, Qiao X L, et al.Toward chemical risk assessment: Computational (predictional) toxicology[J].Science China Chemistry, 2016, 46(2):1-21 [46]GEIBIG J R, SWANSON M B.Printed Wiring Board Industry - Surface Finishes - Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment [M]. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. [47]SKAK C, RASMUSSEN O, NILSSON M, et al.Mapping and development of alternatives to chlorinated lubricants in the metal industry (KLORPARAFRI) [M]. Copenhagen, Denmark: Danish Ministry of the Environment, 2005. [48]ROSSI M, TICKNER J, GEISER K.Alternatives assessment framework of the Lowell Center for Sustainable Production [M]. Lowell, MA: Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, 2006.
2018, Vol. 18 
