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过程工程学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (7): 645-657.DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.225158

• 综述 • 上一篇    下一篇

核能领域含氚水净化技术研究现状与应用前景

徐琰， 吴孟涵*， 姜百华， 武毓勇， 于湉湉   

  1. 中国核电工程有限公司，北京 100840
  • 收稿日期:2025-06-04 修回日期:2025-06-18 出版日期:2025-07-28 发布日期:2025-07-24
  • 通讯作者: 吴孟涵 wmh19@tsinghua.org.cn

Current situation and application prospect of tritiated water purification technology in nuclear energy field

Yan XU,  Menghan WU*,  Baihua JIANG,  Yuyong WU,  Tiantian YU   

  1. China Nuclear Power Engineering Co., Ltd., Beijing 100840, China
  • Received:2025-06-04 Revised:2025-06-18 Online:2025-07-28 Published:2025-07-24

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摘要： 在全球核能复兴及绿色发展浪潮下，氚排放问题备受关注。降低氚排放是提升核能环境和公众友好度的重要措施。然而，目前尚缺乏从核能应用视角对氚净化技术的全面客观分析，且关于含氚水净化工艺的整体技术路线和流程仍不清晰。此外，该领域发展迅速，现有文献综述亟待更新。本文首先概述了核能领域高氚水的产生场景、特征及法规，指出核电、后处理及未来聚变领域对氚净化技术的需求迫切，尤其是内陆核设施对氚净化的要求更高，典型待处理含氚水活度浓度范围为107~1012 Bq/L。其次，本文对水精馏(Water Distillation, WD)、联合电解催化交换(Combined Electrolysis and Catalytic Exchange, CECE)和液相催化交换(Liquid Phase Catalytic Exchange, LPCE)三种主流的含氚水净化技术的最新研究进展进行了综述，指出氚净化机理与关键物性参数的发掘和建立、高效氢-水同位素交换催化剂的工业化制备和电解系统的适应性改造是当前研究的重点和难点。在此基础上，本文从核能应用视角出发，在当前技术成熟度条件下总结了四种可行的氚净化技术路线：“WD+贮存/电解+低温精馏(CD)”路线、“CECE+贮存/CD”路线、“WD+CECE+贮存/CD”路线、“LPCE+CD”路线，并对其处理能力、适用条件、优缺点进行了综合分析，旨在为含氚水净化技术和工程建设提供参考。

关键词: 核能, 含氚水, 氚净化, 水精馏, 联合电解催化交换, 液相催化交换

Abstract: In the global context of nuclear energy renaissance and green development, the issue of tritium emissions has garnered significant attention. Reducing tritium emissions is a crucial measure for enhancing the environmental and public acceptance of nuclear energy. However, there is currently a lack of comprehensive and objective analysis of tritiated water purification technologies from the perspective of nuclear energy applications, and the overall technical routes and processes remain unclear. Moreover, given the rapid advancements in this field, existing literature reviews are in urgent need of updates. This review begins by outlining the generation scenarios, characteristics, and regulations of tritiated water in the nuclear energy field, highlighting the pressing demand for tritiated water purification technologies in nuclear power plant, spent fuel reprocessing plant, and future nuclear fusion facilities, in particular, inland nuclear facilities have higher requirements for tritium purification, with typical concentration of tritiated water to be purified ranging from 107 to 1012 Bq/L. Subsequently, the work reviews latest research progress in three mainstream tritiated water purification technologies—water distillation (WD), combined electrolysis and catalytic exchange (CECE), and liquid phase catalytic exchange (LPCE). It identifies the exploration and establishment of tritiated water purification mechanism and key physicochemical parameters, the industrial-scale preparation of efficient hydrogen-water isotope exchange catalysts, and the adaptive modification of electrolytic systems as the current research priorities and challenges. Building on this foundation, this work concludes four feasible tritium purification routes from the perspective of application: WD+storage/electrolysis+cryogenic distillation (CD) route, the CECE+storage/CD route, WD+CECE+storage/CD route, and the LPCE+CD route. It provides a comprehensive analysis of their treatment capabilities, applicable conditions, advantages, and disadvantages, aiming to offer references for tritiated water purification technology and engineering construction.

Key words: nuclear power, tritiated water, tritium purification, water distillation, combined electrolysis and catalytic exchange, liquid phase catalytic exchange