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过程工程学报 ›› 2022, Vol. 22 ›› Issue (3): 285-303.DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221070CSTR: 32067.14.jproeng.221070

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废锂离子电池的热处理：过程污染物迁移和转化

黄翰林1,2， 刘春伟1,2， 姚少杰3， 孙峙1,2*
  

  1. 1. 中国科学院过程工程研究所绿色过程与工程重点实验室，北京市过程污染控制工程技术研究中心，北京 100190 2. 中国科学院大学，北京 100049 3. 昆明理工大学复杂有色金属资源清洁利用国家重点实验室，云南 昆明 650093
  • 收稿日期:2021-03-01 修回日期:2021-04-07 出版日期:2022-03-28 发布日期:2022-03-28
  • 通讯作者: 孙峙 sunzhi@ipe.ac.cn
  • 作者简介:黄翰林(1996-)，男，四川省成都市人，博士研究生，应用化学专业，E-mail: huanghanlin18@mails.ucas.ac.cn；孙峙，通讯联系人，E-mail: sunzhi@ipe.ac.cn.
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目;国家自然科学基金项目;国家自然科学基金项目;中国科学院绿色过程制造创新研究院项目;中科院过程工程研究所南京绿色制造产业创新研究院重点研发项目

Review of heat treatment process for spent lithium-ion batteries: from the perspective of pollutant migration and transformation

Hanlin HUANG1,2,  Chunwei LIU1,2,  Shaojie YAO3,  Zhi SUN1,2*   

  1. 1. Beijing Engineering Research Center of Process Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China 2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China 3. State Key Laboratory of Complex Non-ferrous Metal Resources Clear Utilization, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China
  • Received:2021-03-01 Revised:2021-04-07 Online:2022-03-28 Published:2022-03-28

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摘要： 废锂离子电池中不仅富含我国高对外依存度的关键金属，还含有重金属、有机污染物等有毒有害物质，具有资源与环境的双重属性。推进其高效循环利用是保障新能源汽车等战略新兴产业可持续发展的关键。锂离子电池组成结构复杂，有机物成分变化大、种类多，常规的火法和湿法冶金过程容易产生二次环境危害，不利于资源的清洁循环利用。热处理作为保障废锂离子电池中有价金属资源有效回收的重要技术，近年来受到了行业的广泛关注。热处理技术具有二次污染小、设备简单、过程易放大、经济性高等诸多优势。结合热处理技术对废锂离子电池回收中的污染物进行源头治理，既能实现清洁生产，也能强化后续深度处理。本工作立足于行业现状和战略需求，重点讨论了废锂离子电池预处理中的污染物产生、迁移和转化规律，对比总结了热处理在杂质去除和污染防控等方面的技术优势。同时，对废锂离子电池的热处理工艺进行了系统分类，总结了不同热处理条件下的物质转化规律。

关键词: 废锂离子电池, 热处理, 污染物, 迁移和转化, 清洁技术

Abstract: Spent lithium-ion batteries have the dual properties of mineral resources and environmental pollution, they are not only rich in key metals with high external dependence in China, but also contain toxic and harmful substances such as heavy metals and organic pollutants. Efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is the key to ensure the sustainable development of strategic emerging industries such as electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries have various categories associated with complex structures and different organic compounds. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are likely to produce secondary environmental hazards, which affects the subsequent efficient recycling of metals. Heat treatment has attracted extensive attention in the industry in recent years, since it helps effective recovery of valuable metal resources. Heat treatment technology enjoys many advantages, such as little secondary pollution, attainable equipment, readily scaling up and low costs. Associated with the heat treatment method, the pollution control at the very beginning of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries can not only realize clean production, but also strengthen the subsequent in-depth treatment. Based on the current situation and strategic needs of the industry, this work focused on the generation, migration and transformation of pollutants in the pretreatment of spent lithium-ion batteries. The technical advantages of heat treatment were compared and summarized in the aspects of impurity removal and pollution prevention and control. Meanwhile, the heat treatment processes of spent lithium-ion batteries were systematically classified, and the material transformation mechanism under different heat treatment conditions was summarized.

Key words: spent lithium-ion batteries, heat treatment, pollutants, migration and transformation, clean technology