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Published in last 1 year |  In last 2 years |  In last 3 years |  All Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select A review on the approaches to the production of vanadium metal Weiliang LU Ying ZHANG Pei SUN Shili ZHENG Shan QIAO Yang ZHANG Ping LI Yi ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (10): 1117-1131.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220294 Abstract （1445）      PDF （4507KB）（337）       Knowledge map    Save Vanadium metal, known as "industrial monosodium glutamate", is widely used in the fields of metallurgy, chemical engineering, aviation, energy, atomic energy, etc. Vanadium belongs to the rare reactive metals with a high melting point, and its production is difficult and costly. Currently, the main route for the production of high-purity V is the combination of the aluminothermic reduction of vanadium oxide and the vacuum melting purification of the crude V; however, this route is energy-intensive and low-yield. In order to reduce the production cost of metallic vanadium, many approaches to the production of crude vanadium have been proposed based on the thermodynamic stability of vanadium oxides and vanadium chlorides, including calciothermic reduction, magnesiothermic reduction, vacuum carbothermic reduction, silicothermic reduction, carbothermic reduction-nitridation-nitride thermal decomposition, molten salt electrolytic deoxidation, etc. The developed refining approaches includes molten salt electrolytic refining, iodide thermal decomposition, solid-state electro-transport purification, etc. This paper reviews the above methods comprehensively in terms of principles, technical features, effectiveness, and drawbacks. It is expected that this review will provide important guidance for the development and upgrading of the approaches for the production of high-purity V metal. It is believed that the application of vanadium will continue to expand with the achievement of high-end materials, which no doubt promotes the development of high-purity metallic vanadium production industry. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on reactive oxygen species and its detection methods Yaoyu HE Zhi JIANG Wenfeng SHANGGUAN Yunfa CHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (12): 1403-1418.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220423 Abstract （997）      PDF （1040KB）（215）       Knowledge map    Save Reactive oxygen species are kinds of highly reactive substances, including superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, and hydroxyl radicals. Oxygen molecules, as oxidants, are more stable and need to be converted to highly reactive species before they can further react with other substances. In chemical reactions, especially catalytic oxidation reactions, the type of reactive oxygen species, its formation, and its diffusion behavior determine the direction and rate of the reaction. In the field of life sciences, reactive oxygen is involved in energy conversion, oxygen balance and other important physiological processes, which are closely related to aging and disease. However, due to its short half-life and strong reactivity, qualitative and quantitative testing of reactive oxygen species is difficult. Choosing suitable detection methods and improving the temporal and spatial accuracy of the detection is important for environmental chemistry and life science research. This work introduces and compares the basic principles, research advances, and applications of reactive oxygen detection methods in environmental and life fields, and compares the advantages, disadvantages, and applicability of various methods. The theoretical calculation and detection of oxygen species in heterogeneous catalysis are also introduced, and the future research direction of reactive oxygen species in catalytic oxidation and other fields is discussed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Preparation methods of g-C 3N 4 and its photocatalytic performance improvement approaches—a review Hanxiao DU Juan JI Chenwei QIN Ze ZHANG Fengfeng LI Yi SHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (2): 162-175.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221054 Abstract （763）      PDF （15934KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save The polymer semiconductor g-C3N4 has attracted widespread attention in fields such as pollutant degradation and clean energy production due to its features such as narrow band gap, high stability, low cost, etc. However, there are some drawbacks of g-C3N4 that it has low charge separation rate, high charge recombination rate, etc., which lead to its unsatisfactory photocatalytic ability. Therefore, improving the photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4 has become a research hotspot in the field of photocatalysis. The g-C3N4-based photocatalysts prepared by heterojunction construction, elemental doping and other modification methods can enhance the absorption of visible light and have strong photocatalytic ability, which have wide industrial application prospects. In this work, firstly, the research actuality of g-C3N4-based photocatalysts was briefly introduced. Secondly, this work discussed the research status of preparation methods and introduced several preparation methods for g-C3N4. It also explained the problems that should be paid attention to when applying different preparation processes. In addition, various mechanisms of the approaches to improve its photocatalytic performance were illustrated, and the development directions were pointed out, summarized and prospected. In the follow-up research, if the advantages of material science and environmental science can be effectively combined to prepare g-C3N4-based photocatalyst composites with stable structure and excellent photocatalytic performance, it will be of great significance to improve practical value of g-C3N4. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on synthesis and industrialization of fatty primary amines Jiasheng PAN Yaofeng WANG Shuangshuang MA Rui SUN Yuting TONG Qida DING Rui ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (8): 905-917.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220235 Abstract （725）   HTML （16）    PDF （1360KB）（341）       Knowledge map    Save Organic amines have a wide range of applications in chemical, pharmaceutical, life science and other fields. They can be used as raw materials for dyes, daily necessities, antibiotics, alkaloids, and clinical medicines. Among different amine compounds, primary amine is the most basic structural unit. Its application is also the most widely used in amine compounds. With the rapid development of economic and social as well as the improvement of people's quality of life, the market demand for primary amines, especially fatty primary amines, is increasing day by day. The synthesis and industrial preparation of fatty primary amines has become an important field. After decades of development, though the production technology of fatty primary amines has achieved great results, there are still some problems such as harsh reaction conditions, insufficient catalyst performance, serious pollution, complicated processes, etc. This work takes the industrial production and hot preparation methods of fatty primary amines as the research object, summarizes the process of preparing fatty primary amines in industry (including alkylation of organic halides with ammonia, reductive amination of alcohol, hydrogenation reduction of nitrile, direct amination of olefin, amination of carboxylic acid, etc.) and illustrates the practical application of each preparation method in industry production. It also analyzes and compares the advantages and disadvantages of each production method. Inferior, the current research hotspot-the method of preparing fatty primary amines by reductive amination of carbonyl compounds is described, and the potential and challenges of the preparation method in future industrial applications are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics Select Progress on catalysts for hydrogen production by low temperature methanol water reforming Zhan SHEN Zhidong JIANG Pengfei ZHANG Ziyu ZHANG Haiying CHE Zifeng MA The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (5): 573-585.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221147 Abstract （691）      PDF （1690KB）（227）       Knowledge map    Save Methanol is a promising energy carrier owing to its simple structure, high hydrogen content and huge production capacity. Methanol steam reforming (MSR) is an energy-saving and efficient on-site hydrogen production method. Combined with fuel cells, MSR can be applied in many fields. However, due to the high reaction temperature (250~300℃), there are some problems such as slow start-up, high CO content and low thermal efficiency. Low temperature methanol water reforming (LT-MWR), including LT-MSR and aqueous-phase reforming of methanol (APRM), means that the reaction proceeds below 200℃, and maintains high reaction activity, which can reduce the preheating time and the side reactions, and achieve stronger thermal coupling with fuel cells. In this review, the performance and defects of commercial catalysts are firstly introduced based on characterization results. The research of LT-MWR catalysts for hydrogen production is reviewed, including Cu-based catalysts, noble metal catalysts and photo-synergistic catalysts. The modification strategies for low temperature Cu-based catalysts are summarized, including synthesis methods, structure design and element doping. The commercial CuZnAlOx catalyst at home and abroad has the characteristics of high methanol conversion and good stability, despite its relatively high price and low activity below 200℃. Because the activity of Cu-based catalysts is greatly affected by temperature, the catalytic activity decreases sharply at low temperature. By appropriate modification, Cu-based catalysts can perform high activity at low temperature. Noble metal catalysts have high activity at low temperature, but they are expensive and the synthesis process is complex. Photo-synergistic catalysts are functional under the condition of light, which is still in the research stage. The synthesis method can strengthen the micromixing degree and reproducibility. Appropriate structure design can increase the specific surface area and thermal stability of the catalyst. Element doping enables better dispersion of active components and modifies the surface structure. Three modification strategies can effectively improve the performance of Cu-based catalyst for LT-MSR, reducing the content of CO content while maintaining high activity. Finally, the prospect and challenges of LT-MSR catalysts for hydrogen production are prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Review on progress of 5 V spinel Co-free LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 cathode material Jia JIN Jinping WEI Zhen ZHOU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (4): 421-437.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221115 Abstract （575）      PDF （11182KB）（441）       Knowledge map    Save As a candidate cathode material for next-generation Li-ion batteries or solid state batteries, the spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 is appealing researchers' interest. The 5 V spinel material of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 had ordered and disordered phases, and crystal structure, synthetic method and electrochemical reaction mechanism of which were discussed. Also, its electronic conductivity and lithium ion diffusion coefficient were highlighted compared with other cathode materials. The advantages of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, such as high discharge plateau, good rate performance, high thermal stability, abundant manganese resources and low cost, were introduced. Then technical obstacles hindering the industrialization of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 were discussed, including poor cycle performance at high temperature, low cycling coulombic efficiency, metal dissolution and phase transition, electrolyte decomposition at high voltages, gas generation in full cells. The main reason negatively affected the electrochemical performance of Li-ion batteries was electrochemical oxidation of carbonate esters at the LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4/electrolyte interface which resulted in Ni/Mn dissolution, crystal structural transformation and surface film formation, and eventually led to lower electronic conductivity and Li+ transport kinetics in Li-ion batteries. Some solution ideas were summarized at the material level, such as microscopic morphology control, new binder slurry strategy, doping, coating, high voltage matching electrolytes, synthetic control, and these material solution ideas should be coordinated with full cell design. In addition, this review speculated a few possible application scenarios on basis of its merits, for instance, start-and-stop power supply, low-temperature application, power tools and so on. Commercialization of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 relies on elaborate construction design at the battery level beside the materials design. More wide and thorough application research needs to be done to push the industrialization of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4. Related Articles | Metrics Select Peptide-drug conjugates improve the efficacy and safety of anticancer medicines Xue LIU Jing ZHANG Bo LIANG Yao ZHANG Weiying WANG Chun ZHANG Yongdong LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (11): 1245-1258.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220303 Abstract （543）      PDF （972KB）（177）       Knowledge map    Save Cancer has become the biggest threat to human health in the world. Small-molecule chemotherapeutic drugs are widely used in clinical practice in cancer treatment, but systemic toxicity and drug resistance are common due to the lack of tumor targeting. One of the main challenges for the chemotherapeutic drug is how to directly transport sufficient drugs to tumor but not normal tissues. To solve this problem, antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) was proposed and has been the hot spot in tumor drug research for decades. Guided by the specific monoclonal antibodies, ADC can selectively deliver highly cytotoxic drugs to tumor sites therefore overcome the above shortcomings of small molecules. However, the molecule weight of antibodies is generally large that makes ADC low permeability in the tumor and seriously limits its therapeutic effect. In recent years, peptide-drug conjugate (PDC), using peptides with tumor targeting ability to replace antibodies, is emerging as another novel targeted delivery route of tumor drugs. A great number of tumor targeting penetration peptides have been investigated in PDC design and shown great potential in cancer treatment. Peptides could be easily prepared through chemical synthesis or expressed by prokaryotic systems. Therefore, compared with ADC, PDC has the advantages of higher drug loading, enhanced penetration capacity in solid tumors, easier multifunctional modification through chemical or genetic techniques, and lower production cost. With the deep study of intracellular transport pathway and drug release mechanism, PDC will be expected to be put into clinical application as soon as possible. In this review, the latest advances of PDC are summarized. Types and characteristics of different targeting peptides, cytotoxic molecules and linkers in PDC and their applications in cancer treatment are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of current researches on PDC are reviewed, and future development prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Synthesis and application of viologen-based electrochromic material Gaofeng ZHAO Weizhen ZHAO Xiaomin LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (3): 304-317.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221132 Abstract （542）      PDF （1614KB）（140）       Knowledge map    Save Viologen is a kind of compound with remarkable optical contrast, high coloring efficiency, unique redox stability. It's easy to be used for molecular design and large-area fabrication of devices. Due to its unique properties, viologen electrochromic materials have been widely used in military camouflage, screen display, information storage, intelligent dimming windows and other fields, and become one of the research hotspots. With the rapid development of smart materials, scientific researchers have gradually deepened their research on viologen-based electrochromic materials (including small molecule viologen derivatives, conjugated polymer functional viologen and viologen-based organic/inorganic composite material). In this review, the progresses of viologen electrochromic materials in recent years are reviewed, focusing on the synthesis and application of viologen, the application of ionic liquids or polyionic liquids in the field of viologen electrochromic, as well as the research status of enterprises and research institutions at home and abroad. The existing problems and potential applications of viologen electrochromic materials in the future are discussed from the perspective of industrial application. Related Articles | Metrics Select Progress on biomethane production via biogas cleaning and upgrading Gama YANG Tingzhen MU Maohua YANG Delu MIAO Xuhao ZHAO Bin TANG Jianmin XING The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (6): 617-628.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220154 Abstract （477）      PDF （556KB）（225）       Knowledge map    Save Biomethane is a kind of renewable fuel produced after the biogas is purified by desulfurization, decarbonization and dehydration. Its composition and calorific value are almost same as natural gas which means biomethane is a promising renewable energy to be used as vehicle fuel or injected to the natural gas grid. To enable the efficient use of biomethane in these applications the biogas must be cleaned and upgraded. Removal of H2S and CO2 are necessary processes for the commercial utilization of biogas and a number of techniques for transformation of biogas to biomethane have been developed. In this review, the main desulfurization and decarbonization technologies for the production of biomethane were systematically reviewed with their upgrading efficiency, methane (CH4) loss, energy requirement, environmental effect, development and industrialization. The technologies for the removal of H2S discussed in this work including absorption (physical and chemical), adsorption and biodesulfurization. And the technologies for the removal of CO2 including absorption (physical and chemical), pressure swing adsorption (PSA), membrane separation, cryogenic separation and the emerging biological methanation processes were discussed. Process flow and mechanism of each technology, as well as commercialization examples were introduced in detail with emphasizing their critical points and analyzing their advantages and deficiencies. Particularly, the review emphasized that biodesulfurization and biological methanation possess significant advantages over conventional physical/chemical technologies for biogas upgrading. Main advantages were that biotechnologies operated at normal temperatures and pressures, without the use of toxic complex chemicals, especially the biological removal of H2S in biogas had undergone a rapid development over the past 20 years and was nowadays commercially available and implemented in full scale facilities. The current challenges and future perspectives of biogas desulfurization and decarbonization processes were also discussed. Finally, the aim of the review was to provide process references for the research and industrial development of biomethane. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress in preparation of large pore pseudoboehmite and γ-Al2O3 carrier Yongjia YANG Xinsheng ZHANG Jin LI Chunguang ZHANG Yuansheng ZHAO Shili ZHENG Ping LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (10): 1156-1166.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220368 Abstract （471）      PDF （4364KB）（206）       Knowledge map    Save γ?Al2O3 is widely used as catalyst carrier in petroleum processing realm, owing to its porosity, high dispersibility, adjustable surface acid/base characteristics, attractive mechanical properties and good thermal stability. As the quality of crude oil is increasingly heavy and inferior, more and more attention has been paid on the preparation of macro-mesostructured γ?Al2O3 since the γ?Al2O3 as the catalysts carrier, that used in the heavy oil processing, such as fixed-bed residue hydrotreating or RFCC, need more meso-and macroporous structures to reduce the internal diffusion resistance of large molecules and improve the catalytic activity. Commonly, pseudoboehmite as the raw materials turns decisive significance for the physiochemical properties of γ?Al2O3. For instance, the pore properties of γ?Al2O3 are greatly in?uenced by the size and morphology of pseudoboehmite crystallites and their aggregation. This manuscript thus reviewed the representative preparation methods of pseudoboehmite including precipitation method and aluminium alkoxide hydrolysis method. The advances of Al2(SO4)3?NaAlO2 method and carbonization method, as two main industrial technologies, were emphatically introduced. New reactors and technologies for the precipitation were developed in order to provide su?cient mixing intensity and recirculation of different reactants, which could bring about a homogeneous supersaturation distribution in the instantaneous neutralization reaction, and then lead to uniform crystallites size, thereby pseudoboehmite with large pore volume and narrow pore size distribution. Besides, the relative meso??and macroporous structures control technologies were also highlighted, such as pH swing method, pore-enlarging additives method, and hydrothermal treatment method, etc. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods were also briefly analyzed. At last, the development trend was introduced and some suggestions were proposed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Progress in boron recovery from salt lake brines by solvent extraction Zhenya XU Hui SU Jian ZHANG Wensen LIU Zhaowu ZHU Jinggang WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (11): 1259-1268.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220366 Abstract （453）      PDF （790KB）（228）       Knowledge map    Save In this work, four types of solvent systems for boron recovery from salt lake brines including aliphatic alcohol (monohydric alcohol, diol, mixed alcohol), aromatic polyhydroxy compound, amine compound containing hydroxyl group and ionic liquid were systematically reviewed, focusing on the recent research and application progress. The extraction mechanism of boron by various extractant systems were highly summarized to clearly explain the effect of extractant structures on the extraction performance. The extraction performance of different extractants and the influence of coexisting ions on the extraction process were analyzed, and the future research and development direction of boron extraction from salt lake brines were discussed. The monohydric alcohol was suitable for extracting boric acid under the conditions of high salting-out and acidity. But it also had serious disadvantages including low extraction rate, and severe equipment corrosion. Diol had higher extraction efficiency than monohydric alcohol, but it was difficult to realize large-scale industrial production due to high viscosity, high solution loss and difficult stripping from the loaded organic phase. Therefore, the recycling performance of diol extractant was relatively poor. The mixed alcohol system was suitable for industrial application of boron extraction from acid salt lake brines because of its synergistic extraction effect and low cost, and can also reduce viscosity and solution loss. Other systems, such as hydroxyl-containing aromatic and amine compounds, had good extraction effects on boron from alkaline salt lake brines, but they were generally expensive and difficult for industrial application. Ionic liquid can be used for boron extraction and diluent because of its advantages such as low volatility, good chemical stability and designable structure, which had a certain application prospect. Related Articles | Metrics Select Review of heat treatment process for spent lithium-ion batteries: from the perspective of pollutant migration and transformation Hanlin HUANG Chunwei LIU Shaojie YAO Zhi SUN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (3): 285-303.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221070 Abstract （431）      PDF （2565KB）（140）       Knowledge map    Save Spent lithium-ion batteries have the dual properties of mineral resources and environmental pollution, they are not only rich in key metals with high external dependence in China, but also contain toxic and harmful substances such as heavy metals and organic pollutants. Efficient recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries is the key to ensure the sustainable development of strategic emerging industries such as electric vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries have various categories associated with complex structures and different organic compounds. Conventional pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes are likely to produce secondary environmental hazards, which affects the subsequent efficient recycling of metals. Heat treatment has attracted extensive attention in the industry in recent years, since it helps effective recovery of valuable metal resources. Heat treatment technology enjoys many advantages, such as little secondary pollution, attainable equipment, readily scaling up and low costs. Associated with the heat treatment method, the pollution control at the very beginning of recycling spent lithium-ion batteries can not only realize clean production, but also strengthen the subsequent in-depth treatment. Based on the current situation and strategic needs of the industry, this work focused on the generation, migration and transformation of pollutants in the pretreatment of spent lithium-ion batteries. The technical advantages of heat treatment were compared and summarized in the aspects of impurity removal and pollution prevention and control. Meanwhile, the heat treatment processes of spent lithium-ion batteries were systematically classified, and the material transformation mechanism under different heat treatment conditions was summarized. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress and application of heat transfer enhancement of twisted oval tubes Xiuzhen LI Yingying TAN Junfei YUAN Zhanwei WANG Lin WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (5): 561-572.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221153 Abstract （419）      PDF （6683KB）（240）       Knowledge map    Save The twisted oval tube has simple structure, excellent heat transfer enhancement and anti-fouling performance, and has become one of the research hotspots in the field of passive heat transfer enhancement. In recent years, researchers have carried out a lot of research on the heat transfer performance of twisted elliptical tubes (bundles) through experiments and numerical simulations. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement is explained.Although there are reviews on the technology of twisted oval tube exchangers, there are deficiencies in the induction of the heat transfer enhancement characteristics of twisted oval tubes and the analysis of the research clues of the engineering application. This review focuses on the internal and external heat transfer and flow resistance performance of the twisted oval tube, and summarizes the influence of the structure of the twisted oval tube (bundle), working fluid and flow state on the heat transfer performance and flow resistance characteristics. The review also reviews the engineering application cases of twisted oval tube heat exchangers, and outlines the contents to be perfected in the researches on twisted oval tubes, and prospects the development trend of the research on heat transfer intensification of twisted oval tubes. This review is expected to provide guidance and reference for deepening the theoretical research and engineering practice of twisted oval tubes. Related Articles | Metrics Select Theory of chemical reaction engineering on catalytic decomposition of propellant in packed bed for monopropellant thruster Baolin HOU Xue LI Wentao WANG Ting LU Weimin CONG Haolong WANG Deyang GAO Chuande HUANG Jihong SHAN Liangen XIA Xiaodong WANG Tao ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (10): 1142-1155.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220304 Abstract （384）      PDF （2128KB）（196）       Knowledge map    Save In 1960s, after the hydrazine based chemical monopropellant was developed, the liquid monopropellant technology has been widely applied in controlling the trajectory of satellite, adjusting the attitude of rocket and the emergency power supply. It is critical for chemical monopropellant to catalytically decompose the high energy liquid chemical propellant in the packed bed of particles. However, up to now, the kind of propellant technology had still been developed by performing a great deal of experiments under the direction of theoretical basement of thermal energy and air dynamics engineering and without considering from the viewpoint of chemical reaction engineering. In this work, from the viewpoint of chemical reaction engineering, the chemical engineering thermodynamics, the catalytic reaction kinetics, the diffusion-reaction in a single catalyst particle, the flow-reaction in the pore of porous catalyst, the flow-transport phenomena-reaction in the macroscopic porous media of packed bed and the meso-scale complicated geometry structure formed by the catalyst particles randomly stacking to be used in designing the component of propellant, optimizing the catalyst structure and the decomposition packed bed of monopropellant thruster were discussed. The review provides the fundamental theory of catalytic reaction engineering for designing, which is hoped as the theoretical direction for designing the propellant component, synthesizing the catalyst structure and the decomposition packed bed in developing the new green chemical monopropellant technology. Related Articles | Metrics Select Techniques of recycling gallium from e-waste Yifan YANG Guoqin LENG Boli CHEN Zhaohui HUANG Zhi SUN Tianyi TAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (6): 639-648.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220167 Abstract （380）      PDF （1239KB）（220）       Knowledge map    Save As an important rare element, gallium has a wide range of applications in many fields such as industry, medicine, military, etc. However, due to the low concentration of gallium in the earth's crust and its wide distribution, it exists in the form of chalcopyrite. It is generally recovered from the by-products of gallium-containing waste in traditional industries such as sphalerite, aluminum ore, fly ash, etc. Gallium-containing electronic waste can be divided into two types of waste electronic products and gallium-containing waste generated in the production process. To solve the problem of shortage of gallium resources, researchers currently recover gallium from gallium-containing electronic waste. Due to the associated heavy metals, flammable organic substances, and other harmful substances, it has the dual attributes of environment and resources extensive attention. Gallium mainly exists in the form of compounds in e-waste such as GaN, GaAs, CIGS, IGZO, and has the characteristics of many associated elements and stable physical and chemical properties. Generally, the fire or wet method is used to recover gallium from GaN waste; gallium of GaAs waste is mostly obtained by wet method; gallium is extracted from IGZO (GZO) display screen by acid leaching and then purified. This article systematically sorts out the current status of gallium-containing electronic waste recycling and treatment, summarizes the applications of hydrometallurgy, pyrometallurgy, and biometallurgy in recycling different types of gallium-containing electronic waste. The difference in the use of material recovery technology and the separation and purification methods points out the current technical problems and the future development direction of recycling gallium-containing electronic waste. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on degradation of organic pollutants in water by catalytic ozonation Shuhuan WANG Lilong ZHOU Zhengjie LI Jilong HAN Runjing LIU Jimmy YUN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (5): 586-600.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221094 Abstract （363）      PDF （7082KB）（82）       Knowledge map    Save For the further development of industry and improvement of living resources for everyone, the pollution of water resources is one of the urgent problems to be solved nowadays. The organic pollutants can be removed effectively by the catalytic ozonation process and the method is easy to operate, so it has been used in industry widely. The selection of catalysts has an important influence on the catalytic oxidation process of organic pollutants. In this study, the mechanism of the homogeneous catalytic ozonation process and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process were analyzed and summarized. The catalytic effects of noble metal catalysts, transition metal catalysts, alkaline earth metal catalysts, and non-metal catalysts that have been used in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation to remove organic pollutants were summarized. The methods that have been used to improve the catalytic activity of these catalysts were also reviewed. The effects of pH value, ozone concentration, catalyst dosage, and the concentration of organic matters on the process of catalytic ozonation were summarized. It is pointed out that the main problem in the process of degradation of organic pollutants by catalytic ozonation is the loss of active components and the reduction of catalytic activity in an aqueous solution. Therefore, for future research, the development and preparation of novel catalysts with high catalytic activity and stability remain the research focus of this process.We can take the measures of improving the adsorption capacity of the catalyst, improving the transfer capacity of ozone in water, and using the synergistic coupling of different active components to effectively inhibit the loss of active components, improve the service life of the catalyst and improve the stability of the catalyst at the same time, to achieve the purpose of effective degradation of organic pollutants. Related Articles | Metrics Select Radiochemical upgrading of cellulose and its application Xiaohan DONG Keyan SHENG Zhiyan CHEN Yanlong GU Jiang HUANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (12): 1395-1402.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220409 Abstract （355）      PDF （944KB）（65）       Knowledge map    Save Cellulose irradiation technology uses high-energy ionizing rays as the energy source, such as α?rays, β?rays, γ?rays, X?rays, electron beams, etc., by which, cellulose is radiated so that it produces free radicals and further initiates a series of reactions such as polymerization, cleavage, crosslinking, grafting, and so on, followed by cellulose degradation or modification. The extent of cellulose polymerization, cleavage, grafting, crosslinking can be adjusted by changing the irradiation dose and reaction conditions. Unlike traditional chemical modification methods such as thermal cross?linking and polymerization, cellulose irradiation modification technology can accomplish the modification task that is difficult to achieve by traditional methods without the addition of other catalysts or chemical reagents. The modification of cellulose using irradiation technology has the advantages of easy pretreatment and post?treatment, energy?saving, and little waste. The application of irradiation technology in cellulose modification has become a hot spot in the field of nuclear technology in recent years. Irradiation technology utilizes physical or chemical reaction induced by ionizing radiation (such as crosslinking, polymerization, grafting, degradation, etc.) to produce or modify materials, and irradiation technology is different from traditional chemical methods, which utilize the radiation of high?energy electrons or rays into the interior of matter so that they generate free radicals and initiate a series of irreversible changes that alter material properties at the molecular level. By this physical means, reactions such as cellulose polymerization, cleavage, or graft crosslinking can be achieved without the use of catalysts. More critically, the series of chemical reactions evoked under an irradiation environment is expected to provide cellulose products that are difficult to synthesize by other methods, providing opportunities for the improvement of natural cellulose with the development of new products from downstream derivatives. In this work, an overview of current irradiation techniques for cellulose and their underlying reaction mechanisms is given, which includes cellulose film materials, cellulose hydrogels, cellulose crystallites/nanomaterials, and the irradiation environment for the irradiation modification process of cellulose, including solvents, sensitizers, temperature, irradiation dose, ambient atmosphere, crystallinity, etc., is summarized. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research status of mineral admixtures on properties and mechanism of magnesium phosphate cement Yue MA Xintao ZHOU Jing HUANG Zhongqiu LUO Yizhong FU Weihong MU Luxing WANG Zhoujun SHAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (6): 629-638.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220157 Abstract （353）      PDF （799KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save Magnesium phosphate cement (MPC), a new kind of inorganic cementing material, has some special performances such as rapid setting, fast hardening, and low drying shrinkage, etc. It has been widely used in the fields of repair and rehabilitation of civil structures, dental and bone restoration, stabilization of toxic matter or radioactive waste and treatment of wastewater. However, MPC faces some challenges, including high cost, potentially high energy consumption and high heat releasing, etc. For the sustainable development of MPC, it is urgent to address the above problems. In MPC system, the addition of mineral admixtures can not only decrease the preparation cost, but also greatly improve the setting behavior, mechanical properties, water resistance, etc. Based on various research documents on MPC and mineral admixtures, the influence of mineral admixtures such as fly ash, slag, metakaolin and silica fume on the fluidity, setting time, mechanical properties and durability of MPC were discussed. Then, the modification mechanism of MPC with mineral admixtures was also summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of MPC modified by mineral admixtures were pointed out, and the research direction of MPC modification was prospected according to the actual application requirements. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research status of strengthening methods for gas hydrate formation process Qi ZHAO Zhaoyang CHEN Zhiming XIA Yu ZHANG Chungang XU Xiaosen LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (9): 993-1002.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220296 Abstract （345）      PDF （1562KB）（209）       Knowledge map    Save Based on the special physical and chemical properties of hydrate, as a new technology, method of gas hydrate is widely used in many fields, such as desalination, solid state storage and transportation of natural gas, gas separation, carbon dioxide capture and storage, etc. But due to the harsh conditions of hydrate formation, its formation rate and gas storage capacity are still far behind that of commercial applications, so special technical means are needed to reduce hydrate formation conditions and strengthen hydrate formation rate and gas storage capacity. In this work, the research status of strengthening methods for hydrate formation process is reviewed from three aspects: mechanical strengthening, outfield action and additives, and the development of technology in the future is prospected. From the point of view of the strengthening method, the mechanical strengthening technology is relatively mature, but the energy consumption required by mechanical stirring and the heat energy generated by the stirring process are both large, and increase geometrically with the increase of the device. The most extensive research on the reinforcement of additives, the effect is relatively ideal, but the reinforcement method of additives will inevitably bring new pollution to the system or products, not conducive to the actual promotion and application. There are few studies on field reinforcement, which are still in the experimental and even theoretical stage, and there is still a large space for development and improvement. Related Articles | Metrics Select Progress in numerical simulation of liquid-liquid cyclone separator Yanni CHI Xianghai MENG Rui ZHANG Haiyan LIU Zhichang LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (10): 1132-1141.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220262 Abstract （345）      PDF （829KB）（130）       Knowledge map    Save The cyclone separator is a liquid-liquid separation device that has been developed very rapidly in recent years. The main advantages of cyclone separators are high efficiency, energy saving, economic space occupation, and low cost. It is widely used in such industries as mineral processing and metallurgy, sewage treatment, food, paper making, and petroleum chemistry. Therefore, it is particularly important to study the relevant characteristics of the cyclone separator. Besides, numerical simulation is an important method for the development and research of liquid-liquid cyclone separators. This work systematically introduced the research progress of the numerical simulation of liquid-liquid cyclone separators, where the effects of the selection of cyclone separator model, the variation of geometric structure (including the inlet, the cone section, the overflow pipe, the guide vane and the cylindrical section) and operating parameters (including the split ratio, the total flow and the feed ratio) on the separation efficiency as well as the flow field were analyzed, and the final evaluation indices (including the separation efficiency and the pressure drop) were also proposed. Besides, some opinions on the change of geometrical structure and operating parameters influencing the separation efficiency and the pressure drop were provided, and the numerical simulation of the vortex and the droplet breaking and coalescing, as well as the development of new separation efficiency evaluation formulas were prospected. New ideas for the following up research workers of the cyclone separator were provided. Related Articles | Metrics Select Chemical oxidation strengthening cleaner production of hydrometallurgy: progress and prospect Sihan SUN Fusheng PAN Yongbing XIE Hongbin CAO Yi ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (2): 145-161.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221073 Abstract （331）      PDF （953KB）（66）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrometallurgy has been increasingly used in the treatment of low-grade refractory ores owing to its relatively low energy consumption and cleaner process. Metal leaching is the primary step in hydrometallurgy, but there are still some acute problems such as low metal recovery rate and long reaction time. Chemical oxidation can transfer metal sulfides into metal ions or change the valence state of metals, and thus benefit the following separation and enrichment of the target metals. In this process, the metal leaching rate can also be further improved by external field enhancement. This review mainly describes the application and the main reaction mechanisms of five typical less corrosive chemical oxidants (Fe3+, O2, H2O2, O3 and persulfate), as well as the relevant collaborative oxidation methods in the hydrometallurgical processes, and introduces four strengthening methods by pressurization, special reaction medium, microwave and ultrasonic. Fe3+ is widely used in acidic leaching of chalcopyrite, sphalerite and other sulfide ores. The unique ion pair cycle enables Fe3+ to form a synergistic oxidation leaching mechanism with a variety of oxidants. O2 often enhances the oxidation leaching efficiency by pressure strengthening, which can promote the oxidative decomposition of refractory sulfide ores. H2O2 has attracted wide attention due to its strong oxidizing property and clean oxidation products, and has been widely used in electronic wastes treatment. O3 oxidation can help to effectively release wrapped gold into solution from refractory gold concentrate containing sulfur. Persulfate is relatively stable with strong oxidation ability, and can be activated to generate reactive oxygen species. Collaborative oxidation and four strengthening methods can further take the advantages of each oxidant to improve the oxidation effect and reduce the cost. Finally, the prospect and technical challenges of chemical oxidation strengthened hydrometallurgical technology are prospected, which has guiding significance for the development of clean production technology in hydrometallurgy. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on adsorption and reduction of Cr(VI) by biomass adsorption materials Shaojie WU Cheng GUO Jia HU Xiangpeng GAO Mingyang LI Hongming LONG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (12): 1383-1394.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220412 Abstract （326）      PDF （1860KB）（120）       Knowledge map    Save The traditional methods for treating chromium-containing wastewater include chemical precipitation, electro deposition, membrane filtration, and ion exchange. These methods are generally simple and convenient; however, some drawbacks such as secondary pollution and high treatment cost remain unsolved. Hence it is of urgent need to find a low-cost and efficient heavy metal containing wastewater treatment method. Biosorption is an emerging technology for the treatment of heavy metal containing wastewater, which has received numerous attention from researchers. Due to its simplicity and low-cost, biosorption is regarded as one of the green and environmental friendly methods to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Biomass material surface contains a large number of active functional groups, which exhibits high metal uptake capacity and affinity towards industrial effluents. After modification, the adsorption capacity and adsorption rate of the adsorbent can be improved significantly. However, due to some shortcomings in physical and chemical properties, the application of biomass adsorbents in industrial wastewater is still limited. This review introduces the research on the treatment of chromium containing wastewater by biomass adsorption, and compared biosorption with conventional treatment methods in the field of metal adsorption and recovery, followed by focusing on the current research progress and development of biosorption materials with conventional physical and chemical modifications. The adsorption characteristics and influencing factors for the removal of heavy metal ions by modified biomass are analyzed, with the comparison of modified biomaterials with other adsorbents on the efficiency of removing hexavalent chromium ions. Afterwards, according to the type of interaction between the surfactant and the adsorbent, it can be concluded four adsorption mechanisms of biomass adsorbents towards hexavalent chromium, which are complexation/chelation, electrostatic interaction, ion exchange, and oxidation-reduction reaction. According to the activity and electron-donating ability of the groups on the adsorption materials, active functional groups including amino, hydroxyl, and thiol are generally act as electron donors during the adsorption process. Related Articles | Metrics Select Preparation of hierarchical porous carbon and its application in supercapacitors Ying CUI Wei LIU Saijun XIAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (8): 895-904.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220187 Abstract （320）   HTML （6）    PDF （812KB）（145）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of the global economy inevitably caused the rapid consumption of fossil resources and serious environmental pollution problems. Thus, the clean production and effective storage of sustainable energy have become one of the urgent problems to be solved. Among the new developed energy sources, solar energy, wind energy, and water energy are considered to be the most promising green energy sources, but the storage and conversion technologies of these energy sources limit their larger-scale applications. In recent years, supercapacitors have attracted great attention in electrochemical energy storage devices due to their outstanding characteristics such as high power density, ultra-fast charge and discharge characteristic and high stability. The energy storage performance of supercapacitors is mainly dependent on the electrode materials. Among the current developed electrode materials, porous carbon materials received more attention because of their excellent electrical conductivity, well-developed pore characteristics, and adjustable morphology structures. Traditional carbon materials are always developed into microporous materials to have a large specific surface area, but this kind of porous carbon also have some unavoidable deficiencies, such as low pores utilization, clogged pores, and large resistance. In order to avoid the defects of single-pore carbon materials in the application process, many researchers are working on the development of hierarchical porous carbon materials with micropores, mesopores and macropores. In this review, the several advanced synthetic strategies of hierarchical porous carbon materials were present in detail through analyzing relevant domestic and foreign literatures. The corresponding formation mechanisms, advantages, challenges and prospects of each method were briefly introduced, and the methods for improving capacitance performance of hierarchical porous carbon material were also summarized. This provides fundamental insight and offers important guidelines for the future design of hierarchical porous carbon and its application in energy storage. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of regulators in iron mineral flotation Mingyang LI Ze CHEN De LIAN Xiangpeng GAO Hongming LONG Xiong TONG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (9): 1003-1011.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220275 Abstract （295）      PDF （834KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save With the continual mining of iron ore, the simple and easy separation iron ore reserve continues decreasing, while the occupy of complex refractory iron ore increases year by year. Rational exploitation and efficient utilization of complex refractory iron ore is the focus problem of the steel industry nowadays. Flotation is one of the most effective beneficiation methods for iron ores. It possesses high separation efficiency, high hoist scope of concentrate grade and recovery rate etc., especially for fine grain ores. The effective selection and utilization of flotation reagents is one of the important methods to improve the separation performance. The flotation reagent of iron ore has developed rapidly in recent years with increasing the ratio of refractory iron ore. This work summarized the research progress of iron ore flotation regulators in recent years, highlighted the research progress of flocculants, dispersants, activators, and inhibitors in iron ore flotation, and discussed their important role. Aiming at the complex refractory iron ore separation, especially the iron containing silicates type iron ore flotation, suffers from serious problems of routine regulators, such as poor selectivity and low separation efficiency etc. To explore and research excellent selectivity, high separation efficiency, wide source, non-toxic, and economically feasible novel modifiers and their compounds will be the research emphasis of iron ore flotation regulators. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on CO2 separation in ionic liquid?graphene oxide membrane materials Yandong GUO Yanjing HE Xiaochun ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2021, 21 (12): 1373-1382.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220344 Abstract （285）      PDF （1089KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save Ionic liquid (IL) is a kind of green solvent with low saturated vapor pressure, good designability, strong stability, and wide liquid temperature range. Moreover, ionic liquid has high CO2 solubility, which has become a research hotspot in the field of CO2 separation. The separation membrane material obtained by combining ionic liquid and two-dimensional nanomaterials has the advantages of both ionic liquid and two-dimensional nanomaterials, which shows a good application prospect in gas separation. Among them, the combination of ionic liquid and graphene oxide (GO) has attracted much attention. In order to explore the application of ionic liquid-graphene oxide (IL-GO) membrane materials in the field of CO2 separation, this article reviews the research and progress in CO2 separation through graphene, ionic liquid and ionic liquid-graphene oxide membrane materials. From three perspectives based on IL-GO mixed matrix membrane, IL membrane supported by GO, and IL-GO composite membrane, the mechanisms in terms of selectivity, permeability, mechanical properties, thermal stability, high-pressure stability, and membrane thickness of the IL-GO membrane materials is mainly discussed. Relevant studies suggest that the IL-GO membrane materials has good selectivity, permeability mechanical properties, thermal stability, and high-pressure stability, and shows as a potential material for CO2 separation. Finally, future research challenges and prospects in CO2 capture and separation using ionic liquid, graphene oxide and IL-GO membrane materials are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of enhancement methods of CO 2-CH 4 hydrate displacement in porous media Xuemin ZHANG Yinhui LI Shanling ZHANG Mengjun ZHANG Jinping LI Yingmei WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (4): 438-447.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221122 Abstract （280）      PDF （992KB）（70）       Knowledge map    Save CO2 replacement of CH4 from natural gas hydrate is a very promising method to exploit natural gas hydrate, this method has the dual advantages of energy safe exploitation and greenhouse gas formation storage. Firstly, the research progress of CO2-CH4 hydrate displacement in porous media is reviewed and the key bottleneck problems, such as long reaction cycle, slow rate and low efficiency, which restrict the commercial application of CO2 displacement method to the exploitation of natural gas hydrate, are analyzed. In view of this problem, the research progress of strengthening methods for CO2-CH4 hydrate replacement in porous media is comprehensively reviewed. It includes the enhancement of liquid CO2, the enhancement of small molecules such as N2 and H2, the enhancement of prolongation of reaction time, the enhancement of application of adsorption materials with both CO2 and CH4 gas absorbability and the analysis of new ideas enhanced mass transfer during displacement due to the formation of porous CO2 hydrate. At the same time, the characteristics of various strengthening methods are analyzed. Primarily, different phase states of CO2, small molecules and mixed gases reinforcement replacement and the mechanism of other reinforcement methods are described in detail, and the improvement of various reinforcement methods is discussed. Studies show that, for the overall recovery rate, replacement combined with conventional methods is more effective than introducing small molecule mixture and changing the injected phase state of CO2. Therefore, the combined enhancement of the single method is an effective way to improve the replacement efficiency. Finally, the shortcomings of the current research and the future research direction of the enhancement of CO2-CH4 hydrate displacement process in porous media are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on photocatalytic treatment of residual xanthate in mineral processing wastewater and improvement of degradation efficiency Rui LIANG Mingyang LI Xiangpeng GAO Xiankun YU Xiong TONG Hongming LONG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (1): 1-13.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.220436 Abstract （211）      PDF （1123KB）（48）       Knowledge map    Save Degrading the residual xanthate efficiently, environmentally, and economically in the mineral processing wastewater is a major problem needing to be solved urgently in the process of building a green mine. Photocatalytic degradation of xanthate in flotation wastewater is an environmentally friendly wastewater treatment process. It has many advantages, such as simple and convenient operation, wide application range, mild reaction conditions, free secondary pollution, etc. This work focuses on the application of photocatalytic degradation methods and reviews the research progress of photocatalysts of xanthate in recent years. It mainly introduces the research overview of photocatalysts according to the different classifications of photo-catalytic materials and their modification methods, and then explores the reaction mechanism and related influencing factors of photocatalytic degradation of xanthate. Moreover, improvement methods based on the factors affecting the degradation rate of photocatalysts are proposed. In the end, the design and process development of catalysts for photocatalytic degradation of xanthate were prospected. The photocatalytic materials currently used in the degradation of xanthate are mostly derived from metal semiconductors, including titanium, bismuth, zinc, copper, tungsten, iron-based compounds, and their modified substances, as well as non-metal semiconductor g-C3N4 and HAP-based photocatalyst. The ultimate goal of studying photocatalytic technology is to treat pollutants efficiently and environmentally. Therefore, how to improve the degradation efficiency is the core issue of the study. The existing literature mainly uses degradation conditions and photocatalysts to determine the factors affecting degradation efficiency and proposes targeted improvements. In addition, to make up for the shortcomings of a single photocatalyst, a combined process will be adopted to maximize the photocatalytic degradation efficiency. Related Articles | Metrics