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过程工程学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 25 ›› Issue (6): 533-543.DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224250

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电动汽车直冷电池热管理技术研究进展

朱喜娇， 严华夏*   

  1. 集美大学海洋装备与机械工程学院，福建 厦门 361021
  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08 修回日期:2024-12-23 出版日期:2025-06-28 发布日期:2025-07-01
  • 通讯作者: 严华夏 yanhuaxia@jmu.edu.cn
  • 基金资助:
    福建省自然科学基金;集美大学引进高层次人才科研启动基金

Advances in direct cooling battery thermal management technology for electric vehicles

Xijiao ZHU,  Huaxia YAN*   

  1. School of Marine Equipment and Mechanical Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
  • Received:2024-08-08 Revised:2024-12-23 Online:2025-06-28 Published:2025-07-01

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摘要： 随着全球能源危机和环境污染问题的持续加剧，电动汽车因其高能效、低排放等显著优势，成为未来动力汽车的发展趋势。然而，电池生热现象制约着电动汽车的使用性能，因此，深入探究电池生热成因并采取应对策略，对提高电池使用性能与安全性至关重要。本工作首先介绍了电池生热成因，鉴于电池生热对其循环寿命、能量效率及安全性能的直接制约，亟需研发针对性的热管理技术予以应对。直冷电池热管理技术利用制冷剂蒸发吸热原理，可实现高效冷却效率，相较于传统液冷和风冷系统，直冷系统具有结构更紧凑、响应速度更快的显著特征。通过梳理近期相关文献，本工作综述了直冷系统在结构设计、冷板设计及系统参数的优化等方面的研究进展。研究表明，通过合理配置冷媒属性、精准调节系统参数及优化冷板布置，可显著改善高倍率充放电工况下的电池温度均匀性，进而延长电池使用寿命并保障其安全可靠运行。未来研究可聚焦直冷电池热管理系统的结构和参数优化，以及高效环保的新型冷媒的开发。

关键词: 电动汽车, 电池热管理, 直冷, 冷却系统优化

Abstract: With the intensification of the global energy crisis and environmental pollution issues, electric vehicles have become the future trend in automotive power due to their high energy efficiency and low emissions. The heat generated by batteries imposes limitations on their performance. Consequently, it is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of the factors contributing to this heat generation and to devise and implement effective countermeasures. Addressing these issues is critical for optimizing battery performance and ensuring its safety. This review starts with a brief overview of the factors contributing to battery heat generation. It then delves into direct cooling battery thermal management technology, which utilizes the principle of refrigerant evaporation to absorb and dissipate heat effectively. This approach delivers superior cooling efficiency compared to traditional liquid and air cooling systems. Direct cooling systems are distinguished by their more compact design and faster response times, contributing to more effective thermal management and improved performance. By examining recent literature, this work provides a comprehensive review of the research developments concerning direct cooling systems. It includes an in-depth analysis of the structure design, cold plate design, and optimization strategies for various system parameters. It also highlights how the careful selection of refrigerant properties, along with precise adjustments to system parameters and cold plate configurations, can lead to significant enhancements in temperature uniformity under high-rate charge and discharge conditions. These improvements are crucial for extending the battery's operational lifespan and ensuring its safe and reliable performance. Future research efforts on direct cooling battery thermal management systems should prioritize two key areas: the optimization of the direct cooling plate system's design and parameters, and the development of new, highly efficient, and environmentally friendly refrigerants. Focusing on refining the structural design and operational parameters of direct cooling plates will help improve their performance and adaptability.

Key words: electric vehicles, battery thermal management, direct cooling, cooling system optimization