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Published in last 1 year |  In last 2 years |  In last 3 years |  All Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select Research progress on preparation of magnetic activated carbon and its application in water treatment Qianyu WANG Yuming ZHANG Yanbin CUI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 259-272.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223228 Abstract （93）   HTML （6）    PDF （2257KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save Activated carbon (AC) has the characteristics of high specific surface area, porosity, abundant surface functional groups and chemical stability, and these advantages make it a widely used adsorbent in water treatment. After being exhausted (saturated adsorption contaminants), the spent AC needs to be separated from aquatic systems and regenerated which is conductive to materials recycling. However, it is difficult to efficiently separate the powder AC saturated adsorption contaminants from aquatic systems by traditional separation methods (gravitational sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, and flotation), and the disadvantages for these methods root in many aspects including time-consuming, high-cost, and low separation efficiency. These limit the wide application of activated carbon in the field of water treatment to some extent. Magnetic modification treatment on AC can provide a magnetic activated carbon (MAC) which possesses better performances reflecting in higher adsorption capacity, and can be easier, rapid and efficient separation through external magnetic fields. At the same time, MAC has good catalytic activity, which is useful for enhancing the capability of advanced oxidation process to efficiently degrade organic pollutants in aquatic systems. Therefore, MAC has broad application prospects in the field of water treatment. This work mainly introduces the preparation methods (co-precipitation method, thermochemical method, and mechanical milling method), microstructure and physicochemical properties (specific surface area, pore structure, magnetism, crystal and chemical structure, surface charge) of MAC. The research progress of MAC in wastewater treatment in recent years is reviewed, consisting of organic pollutant removal, heavy metal removal and other applications. The adsorption characteristics (adsorption isotherms and adsorption dynamics) and corresponding influencing factors (adsorption temperature, solution pH, and coexisting ions) are summarized in details. And the regeneration methods of AC are investigated comprehensively. In the end, the development and prospect of the application of MAC in water treatment are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research status and prospect of flash boiling spray Jian GAO Run HONG Wenlong DONG Nian XU Huaqiang CHU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 273-283.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223157 Abstract （60）   HTML （5）    PDF （1493KB）（42）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid boiling that occurs when high-temperature fuel is injected into a low-pressure environment is called flash boiling, reasonable use of flash boiling phenomenon can effectively improve the atomization effect of fuel spray and improve engine efficiency. The research on the flash boiling phenomenon can be traced back to more than 60 years ago. With the development of the research on the flash boiling spray, the focus of the spray-related research has gradually shifted to the spray collapse. The related theories of flash boiling spray are summarized in this review, and some visualization techniques commonly used in the observation of flash boiling spray are briefly introduced. The influence of different fuel characteristics on the flash-boiling spray is illustrated by comparing different fuel characteristics. The characteristics of flash boiling spray of multi-component fuel are summarized. The superheat index which can be used to measure the flash boiling spray of multi-component fuel are introduced. The collapse mechanism of non-flash boiling spray and flash boiling spray and the influencing factors of spray collapse are studied by comparing the research status of non-flash boiling spray and flash boiling spray. It is generally considered that the collapse mechanism of non-flash-boiling spray is jet-induced collapse, and flash-boiling spray seriously affects the experimental observation because of too many droplets. Therefore, the understanding of the collapse mechanism of the flash boiling spray is numerous but not certain. In addition, according to the above summary, several feasible research directions are put forward for the spray research: effect of different fuel properties on flash boiling spray, study of parameters to measure the degree of superheat of multi-component fuels, the study on the collapse mechanism of the flash-boiling spray and the study on the suppression of the collapse of the flash-boiling spray. Related Articles | Metrics Select Recent progress of heterogeneous catalysts towards selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO under oxygen-rich conditions Yaqi LIU Yan LIU Ke WU Liwen XING Dianxing LIAN Mohaoyang CHEN Jianjun JI Yongjun JI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 284-296.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223136 Abstract （62）   HTML （3）    PDF （3784KB）（28）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen oxides (NOx), as one of the predominant atmospheric pollutants mainly derived from automobile exhaust and industrial waste gas, have played the role of an inevitable precursor that led to acid rain, photochemical smog, and other environmental contamination issues. In addition to atmospheric pollution, the growing emissions of NOx pollutants also give rise to a serious threat to agricultural production and human health. Thus, it is of urgent need to develop feasible NOx abatement strategies. Selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO (CO-SCR) is a very promising denitrification technology that can simultaneously remove harmful gases of NO and CO, making it one of the most ideal solutions for flue gas treatment. To promote its industrial applications, CO-SCR should have a low operating temperature ranging from 150℃ to 250℃ and superior resistance to oxygen poison. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient CO-SCR catalysts used under oxygen-rich conditions for abating severe environmental pollution problems. This work provides a comprehensive review of the research progress and latest research findings of CO-SCR under oxygen-containing conditions. The research advances of Pd, Ir, Rh, Mn, and Co-based heterogeneous catalysts were introduced, and the effects of active components, promoters, and supports on the catalytic performance of CO-SCR are described in detail. In this section, the preparation method, doping modification, and reaction conditions are analyzed. Meanwhile, the impact of O2, H2O, and SO2 on the catalytic activity of CO-SCR is discussed, in which the inhibition mechanism of O2 is summarized. Finally, the challenges and future developments of CO-SCR under oxygen-rich conditions are summarized and the corresponding coping solutions are proposed. We hope this review can provide an in-depth understanding and useful guidance for the rational design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the CO-SCR reaction in practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress in the preparation of porous biomass carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors Xuemin ZHANG Guanyu HE Shaoqi YIN Tingting HUANG Jinping LI Jian ZHENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 127-138.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223036 Abstract （162）   HTML （14）    PDF （1013KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save The biomass carbon material is a kind of green and renewable energy material. Its efficient utilization is of great significance for the sustainable development of the energy environment and the green and low-carbon transition of energy. Biomass carbon materials are widely used in energy storage and conversion, catalysis, adsorption, and many other fields due to their porous nature, abundant functional groups, large specific surface area, excellent electrochemical performance, low cost, and renewable. However, the properties of biomass carbon materials are not only closely related to the microstructure, but also the heteroatom doping has an important impact on the structure and electrochemical properties of biomass carbon materials. The accurate structure regulation of biomass carbon materials is an effective way to improve their electrochemical performance. In this work, the preparation methods of biomass carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors are comprehensively reviewed, and the relationship between the structure and properties of porous carbon materials is discussed. On this basis, the influence mechanism and rules of different conditions, and different preparation processes (such as material selection, material treatment, and activation mode) on the structure characteristics of biomass carbon materials are analyzed. In this review, the mechanism and rules of the influence of the structure characteristics on the electrochemical properties of porous biomass carbon materials are described in detail, and the preparation process and performance regulation of porous biomass carbon materials need to be perfected and improved. Finally, the main development directions of preparation technology and electrochemical properties of porous biomass carbon materials in the future are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics Select A review on current status and carbon accounting of recycling and reusing of spent power batteries Zhiying LAI Wenbin LAI Chuyuan LIN Lingjun HE Hui LIN Fuyu XIAO Qingrong QIAN Jixiang ZHANG Qinghua CHEN Lingxing ZENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 139-150.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223195 Abstract （94）   HTML （2）    PDF （3821KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save The booming development of the new energy vehicle industry has ed a significant rise in the amount of end-of-life power batteries, which in turn generates a huge amount of solid waste. Reuse of retired power batteries through laddering utilization and recycling can not only realize the resourceful reuse of valuable metals but also reduce carbon emissions and production costs. As an important part of developing the circular economy and promoting the intensive use of resources, the recycling and the resource utilization of power batteries are of great significance to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy and the promotion of the construction of ecological civilization. Currently, a substantial body of literature and information pertaining to retired batteries has been extensively disseminated across the pertinent domains. Consequently, it is imperative to consolidate the pivotal insights within the industry to furnish industry professionals with a comprehensive point of reference. Overall, based on the current situation of the industry, the main purpose of this review is to discuss the environmental and economic impacts of the different recycling and reusing methods for retired batteries from the perspectives of the recycling process. By analyzing the current situation of recycling and summarizing the progress of research, an accounting method for carbon emissions from decommissioned power batteries is proposed, and then it is pointed out the necessity and feasibility of recycling. The aim of this review is to provide new insights into building waste-free cities and achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality target. It is hoped that the battery recycling industry will be able to realize healthy and orderly development in the future under the macro-control of the country, combined with efficient and eco-friendly retired battery recycling technology and relevant standards and norms. Related Articles | Metrics Select Progress on resource utilization and second utilization of chloride removal products from Friedel's salt precipitation method Yun GU Peng CHU Dongdong GE Shouqiang HUANG Min JIANG Hongying LÜ Wenxin ZHANG Yangyang LÜ Yang LÜ Yaheng ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 151-161.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223122 Abstract （96）   HTML （4）    PDF （1474KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save The high concentration of Cl- in wastewater can seriously corrode industrial equipment, and also pollute the water environment. A series of technologies for removing Cl- from wastewater have been reported, such as membrane separation, concentration, evaporation crystallization, chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, electrolysis, oxidation, and solvent extraction. Among them, chemical precipitation has significant advantages in equipment investment and operability, Friedel's salt precipitation method of Cl- removal has been intensively studied because of the wide source and low price of raw materials, compared with other methods using silver, copper, or bismuth. After the Cl- removal, a large quantity of chemical sludge is produced, which mainly contains Friedel's salt (3CaO?Al2O3?CaCl2?10H2O), katoite [Ca3Al2(OH)12], and calcium hydroxide, etc. Due to the complex components and the tight binding of Cl- in the interlayer spacing of Friedel's salt, the resultant sludge is difficult to recycle. To promote the application of Friedel's salt precipitation method, it is very important to utilize its Cl- removal products, especially Friedel's salt, as a resource. Based on the introduction of the compositional and structural characteristics of Friedel's salt, this work highlights the advantages of Friedel's salt precipitation method, which cannot only remove Cl-, but also obtain Friedel's salt, by comparing other preparation methods. According to the aluminum and calcium components of Friedel's salt and its layered bimetallic hydroxide structure, effective resource utilization can be carried out, including the removal of various heavy metal cations (i.e., Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+) and oxygenated anion complexes [i.e., Sb(OH)6-, AsO43-, SeO42-, and CrO42-], and the preparation of polyaluminum chloride coagulants and as sludge dewatering regulators, etc. These uses have broad application prospects, providing reference and exploration direction for the further development of Friedel's salt precipitation method. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on multi-objective comprehensive evaluation of urban wastewater treatment processes Han CUI Yuting WANG Huajie LI Di ZHANG Longyi LÜ Zhijun REN Zhi SUN Pengfei WANG Xiaoyang LIU Li SUN Guangming ZHANG Wenfang GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 1-16.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223037 Abstract （87）   HTML （6）    PDF （4095KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of the wastewater treatment industry, various treatment technologies emerge in endlessly, which have largely solved the pollution problem and caused environmental impacts. In order to select more efficient wastewater treatment technologies, various evaluation methods have been applied in the wastewater treatment industry under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. This review summarizes the current research situation of environmental and economic impact evaluation which are widely used in urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and proposes the "5E" assessment system based on the existing research. At present, the assessment system mainly focuses on the environmental impact assessment based on life cycle assessment, focusing on the impact of eutrophication potential, global warming potential, and energy consumption on traditional and unconventional wastewater treatment technologies in WWTP. Economic evaluation is mainly divided into cost and benefit evaluation. Through the analysis of cost and profit in economic evaluation, the energy cost is very important in each treatment process, where the recovery and utilization of biogas can effectively improve the profit. In addition, carbon footprint assessment and organic contaminants toxicity evaluation have gradually become the research hotspot. In each part of this article, the evaluation of technology in wastewater treatment process is mentioned. At last, the "5E" assessment system (i. e., comprehensive environmental impact assessment, economic evaluation, carbon footprint evaluation, organic contaminants toxicity evaluation, and technology evaluation) is proposed to effectively solve the multi-objective comprehensive assessment problem of the urban WWTP. This research can support the sustainable development of the wastewater treatment industry and the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization targets. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research process of multivesicular liposomes Xing FAN Hua YUE Xiaojun WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (10): 1371-1380.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222431 Abstract （146）   HTML （11）    PDF （2032KB）（80）       Knowledge map    Save Since 1983, multivesicular liposomes (MVLs), as a member of the liposome family, have been of interest in the biomaterials and medical fields. MVLs have multiple aqueous compartments separated by phospholipid bilayers and an internal aqueous phase of up to 90%. They also have the advantages of reducing the number of injections, extending the duration of drug action, and improving patient compliance. So far, most of the MVLs reported in the literature are above 10 μm in size and have made good progress mainly in the encapsulation of analgesic drugs. This review provides an overview of the preparation methods, characterization methods, and drug release mechanisms of MVLs that have been reported in the literature in the last decade. There are relatively several methods for preparing MVLs, including the double emulsification method, spray atomization technique, and electroforming method. Currently, the main characterization methods used for MVLs are optical/fluorescent confocal imaging, scanning electron microscopy imaging, determination of particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, and determination of zeta potential. Because of the large volume of the internal aqueous phase of MVLs and the high hydrophilic drug encapsulation rate of the internal vesicles, the individual vesicles gradually rupture and the hydrophilic drug gradually gets released during in vitro release, with a three-phase release pattern of sustained release. This review also summarizes the current status of clinical studies and types of commercialized products. At present, the application of MVLs regarding analgesics has reached stages II-IV, and three commercialized formulations have entered the clinic with satisfactory results. Moreover, this review summarizes the current progress in applied research, mainly in the delivery of anticancer drugs, analgesic drugs, and protein peptides. Last but not least, the challenge and prospects regarding small-sized MVLs, diverse biomedical applications, and scale-up strategies are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of flotation activator for complex copper oxide minerals Haoxiang WANG Peilun SHEN Jinpeng CAI Xiaodong JIA Rong PENG Dianwen LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (10): 1381-1389.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222336 Abstract （136）   HTML （10）    PDF （5380KB）（107）       Knowledge map    Save Copper is widely used in industry because of its excellent physical and chemical properties.At present, with the depletion of copper sulfide resources, the development and utilization of copper oxide resources has gradually become the focus of research. As an important source of copper metal extraction, the key to efficient recovery of copper oxide ore is the activation process. However, the existing copper oxide resources have the characteristics of high oxidation rate, complex mineral composition and easy sludge, which makes the beneficiation more difficult. The classical sulfidization-xanthate flotation method can't meet the current requirements of complex copper oxide ore resource separation. In addition, the mechanism of activator acting on mineral surface and the unclear explanation of crystal structure of activated products restrict the development of the theory and method of copper oxide ore separation to some extent. In recent years, a variety of new activators or combination activators have been reported in reference for the complex and difficult-to-beneficiated copper oxide resources. Scholars have made a deeper research and elaboration on the activation mechanism of copper oxide ore based on the existing activation theory, and put forward a variety of effective and practical new theories and methods, which have solved the problem of complex copper oxide ore beneficiation to some extent. In this review, by combing the development of activator for copper oxide ore in recent years, the application and activation mechanism of new activator and new activation method are summarized, aiming at enriching the theoretical system of efficient flotation of copper oxide ore and providing reference for production practice. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of lithium polysulfide capture in lithium-sulfur batteries Tingting HU Haijian LIU Yunyi CHEN Lingli LIU Chun'ai DAI Yongsheng HAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (9): 1231-1243.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222413 Abstract （168）   HTML （17）    PDF （6063KB）（173）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-sulfur battery has an ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g) and theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh/kg), which is far higher than commercial secondary batteries. In addition, the sulfur element is rich in the earth, and its price is cheap, the extraction process is environmentally friendly. Therefore, a lithium-sulfur battery is considered as an ideal energy storage unit for the future energy storage system. However, the lithium polysulfide intermediates generated in the charging and discharging process are easily soluble in the electrolyte, resulting in a loss of active materials and an increase in the electrolyte viscosity. In addition, the dissolved lithium polysulfide is inclined to migrate between positive and negative electrodes, and reacts with the lithium negative electrode, causing irreversible loss of active substance sulfur, greatly reducing the battery life and safety. This phenomenon is called the shuttle effect, which hinders the commercialization process of lithium-sulfur batteries. In recent years, researchers have attempted to solve this problem through physical adsorption, chemical action, and external field constraint, and achieved impressive progress. This work summarizes the research progress of capturing lithium polysulfide, and compares the characteristics of each approach and its impact on the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. Whether it is the physical constraint of the porous structure of carbon materials, the chemical interaction between the carrier materials and lithium polysulfide, or the adsorption of electric and magnetic fields on lithium polysulfide, lithium polysulfide is fixed on the positive side and to inhibit its dissolution and diffusion to the negative electrode. Capturing lithium polysulfide by external magnetic field, internal magnetic field induced by magnetic particles, and internal electric field generated by spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric materials is also highlighted. Finally, the challenges in capturing lithium polysulfide and the possible solution are prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of core monomer separation and purification technology for bio-based materials Kun WANG Xiuling JI Kun LIN Yuhong HUANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1137-1149.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222314 Abstract （189）   HTML （8）    PDF （2738KB）（109）       Knowledge map    Save The production of petrochemical-based materials consumes large amounts of non-renewable resources and cause a certain degree of pollution to the environment. The performance of bio-based materials produced by renewable resources can be comparable to that of petrochemical based materials, which is in line with the development concept of green, low-carbon and environmental protection, and provides strong technical support for the realization of the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In recent years, with the domestic and international policies tilted to the bio-based materials industry, bio-based materials have become a new material for domestic and international development, providing a good opportunity for the development of bio-based materials industry. The core monomer of bio-based materials produced by biological method has the advantages of mild production conditions, low price, and green environmental protection. But the complex composition within the fermentation broth as well as the low concentration of monomers and the difficulty of separation have seriously restricted the development of the whole industry of bio-based materials. The production of bio-based materials requires high-purity monomers, and a small amount of impurities affect the appearance and performance of bio-based materials. The existing research and application of separation of core monomers of bio-based materials has developed the process of obtaining high purity separation and purification of core monomers of bio-based materials by taking full advantage of chemical separation technology. This review briefly introduces the current status of the production of bio-based materials, reviews the research progress of several widely used separation and purification technologies for core monomers of bio-based materials in recent years, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current separation technologies. Finally providing an outlook on the development trend of separation and purification technologies for core monomers of bio-based materials. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on depression mechanism of chitosan and its derivatives during flotation Pengpeng ZHANG Cheng YANG Hongming LONG Xiangpeng GAO Mingyang LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1150-1160.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222217 Abstract （104）   HTML （3）    PDF （4306KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the most effective methods for low-grade ore separation, flotation has the advantages of obvious sorting effect on fine-grained ores and high separation efficiency. It is crucial to use reasonable and eco-friendly depressants in order to improve the flotation separation effect. As a new type of organic depressant, chitosan is widely used in mineral flotation due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties, environmental protection and easy preparation. Many chitosan derivatives also have excellent depression capabilities. In this work, the research progress of chitosan and its derivatives in flotation experiments of various minerals in recent years is reviewed. Firstly, the main adsorption methods of chitosan and its various novel derivatives as flotation depressants on mineral surfaces are introduced. Then, the depression mechanism and the main factors affecting the depression effect are summarized. Discussion and potential future research directions of chitosan derivatives depressants are also included. Although the research on chitosan and its derivative depressants is becoming more and more mature, the main depression mechanism is still not detailed enough. With the advancement of various detection methods, how to improve the depression effect and further clarify the related groups and main depression mechanisms will be a major focus of future research on chitosan derivatives depressants. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of metal-organic framework material modified MFC air cathode to improve the electric performance Jinrong LU Linde REN Hua LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1161-1172.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222339 Abstract （94）   HTML （2）    PDF （29624KB）（49）       Knowledge map    Save Microbial fuel cell (MFC), a new type of clean energy production equipment, can generate electricity while decomposing organic matter in wastewater. Facing the emergence of energy crisis, the reasonably designed MFC equipment can alleviate the current energy crisis, the generation of this new energy is green and sustainable. The conversion rate of energy is an important factor that affect the wide application of MFC, so improving the power production performance of MFC has attracted a lot of attention from scholars. Air-cathode MFC is an MFC configuration that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor to complete current transfer, that is the most promising type of MFC, but it is also accompanied by the problem of low activity of cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Precious metal catalysts have never been able to meet the needs of practical applications, and cost-effective metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have been studied as ORR catalysts for many years. Therefore, MOF materials suitable for MFC air-cathode can be prepared as cathode catalysts to improve their power production performance through rational design. This work reviews the recent research progress of MOF and its derivatives as catalysts for modifying MFC air-cathode to improve their electricity production performance. The principles of MFC and the natural advantages of MOF materials as ORR electrocatalysts are introduced, and the latest applications of three types of materials, namely, simple MOF, MOF composites, and MOF derivatives, as MFC air-cathode catalysts are highlighted, leading to a variety of different research directions of MOF and its derivatives as MFC air-cathode catalysts. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of MOF and its derivatives in modifying MFC air-cathode to improve their power production performance are elucidated. The intention is to summarize the shortcomings exposed by MOF in modifying MFC air-cathode and provide new research ideas for the future application of MOF materials in MFC cathodes in order to promote the practical application of MFC. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on desulfurization technology for blast furnace gas Xindong WANG Tingyu ZHU Yuran LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 1003-1012.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222334 Abstract （171）   HTML （8）    PDF （1011KB）（117）       Knowledge map    Save The desulfurization technology for blast furnace gas as a source of emission reduction technology is of great significance to promoting ultra-low emission for the whole process in the iron-steel industry. The sulfur-containing components in the blast furnace gas are mainly organic sulfur, coexisting with other complex components. This work discusses the emission limits of sulfur-containing components in various occurrence forms (SO2, H2S, and S), and analyzes their transformation relationship through the mass balance of sulfur. The bottleneck of desulfurization technology for blast furnace gas is to remove the carbonyl sulfur (COS). The aluminum-based catalyst and carbon-based catalyst used for COS catalytic hydrolysis are analyzed in detail, in which γ-Al2O3 is both a carrier and an active component, and activated carbon has the functions of catalyst and adsorbent. The effect mechanism of the complex components O2, and Cl- on the deactivation of hydrolysis catalyst is further elucidated due to the formation of deposition products. For the gaseous H2S formed after the COS hydrolysis, the two kinds of wet removal technology, mainly including the chemical absorption method and catalytic oxidation method, are compared in the reaction mechanism, desulfurizer and product. The difference among the zinc oxide, iron oxide, and activated carbon adsorbent used in the dry removal technology is also concretely elaborated in the reaction mechanism, sulfur capacity, and temperature adaptability. In view of the integrated adsorption of organic sulfur and inorganic sulfur, molecular sieve adsorbent is briefly described in the selective adsorption principle and regeneration process. The "hydrolysis+wet", "hydrolysis+dry", and integrated removal processes have been explored and applied currently, which are preliminarily evaluated. Finally, it is pointed out that the research and development of desulfurization technology focus on how to improve the activity of the hydrolysis catalyst and reduce the influence of complex components in blast furnace gas on catalyst activity and improve the applicability of the technology. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of coalbed methane combustion deoxidation technology Feiqiong ZHANG Xuefeng YIN Jianan HU Wei HE Jing WANG Pengfei DAI Zichen WANG Na ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 1013-1023.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222299 Abstract （102）   HTML （1）    PDF （790KB）（59）       Knowledge map    Save Coal bed methane (CBM) is a kind of unconventional natural gas energy that is mostly made of methane and is held as an adsorbed substance in coal seams. It has received a lot of attention both domestically and internationally due to its benefits of plentiful reserves and clean combustion. China has the third largest CBM deposits in the world, and the exploitation of CBM is expanding due to the increased interest in CBM in recent years, although the utilization rate is consistently low. The fundamental cause is a lack of effective low-concentration CBM utilization, where oxygen is essential to limiting safe CBM utilization. Deoxygenation is a requirement for safe utilization since low-concentration coalbed methane poses an explosion danger due to the presence of oxygen. This work introduces the basic principle and characteristics of combustion deoxidation, including the coke combustion method, catalytic combustion method, and chemical looping combustion method, with emphasis on carbon material, catalyst, oxygen carrier analysis of the current research status. In particular, the new technology of chemical looping combustion is discussed and analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the coke combustion process has a better deoxidation effect but has the shortcoming of high deoxidation temperature (650~1000℃), the key of current research is to improve the performance of carbon material and effectively control the reaction temperature. Methane will be consumed during catalytic combustion deoxidation, and the catalyst is easily poisoned and rendered inactive, the key to this technique is to investigate and develop a powerful catalyst, and this technique is not suitable for treating low-concentration CBM deoxidation. For the chemical looping combustion deoxidation method, the oxygen carrier material is inexpensive and simple to get, the reaction temperature is low, and this method can retain the maximum amount of methane. The thorough comparison reveals that deoxygenating low-concentration coalbed methane is more effectively accomplished using the chemical looping combustion approach. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress in modification of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries Miaomiao LI Xiangyun QIU Yanxin YIN Tao ZHANG Zuoqiang DAI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 799-813.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222296 Abstract （323）   HTML （90）    PDF （47402KB）（338）       Knowledge map    Save Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as the major candidate technologies for large-scale energy storage applications due to the rich abundance of Na sources, low cost and safety. And the development of cathode materials also determines the final performances and commercialization. Layered oxide cathode materials have the advantages of high specific capacity, simple structure and good stability. It is one of the most promising sodium cathode materials at present. However, such materials are still faced with irreversible changes in the electrochemical process, unstable storage in air and poor interface stability, which seriously restricts the development of commercialization of SIBs. In order to solve these problems of materials, researchers modified and optimized them. Accordingly, the modification measures of ion doping, surface coating, nanostructure design and P/O mixing and other related modification measures of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials, which provides a basis for the modification research of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials are reviewed in this review. Besides, the future development trend of layered oxides is prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on liquid bridge fracture in field of micro-nano technology Zhaofei ZHU Yalong CHU Xianming GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 814-825.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222287 Abstract （201）   HTML （8）    PDF （4290KB）（161）       Knowledge map    Save Affected by the scale effect, the morphological characteristics of liquid bridges at the microscale determine the changes in liquid bridge forces that are area-related. Liquid bridge forces have an important impact on the formation and fracture of liquid bridges. The liquid bridge fracture mechanism based on liquid bridge morphology is the theoretical basis of biology, chemistry, materials, micro-nano technology, and many other research fields. At present, the study of liquid bridge fracture is an interdisciplinary discipline involving mathematics, fluid mechanics, interface chemistry, materials science, and other disciplines, however there is few review of the research progress focusing on liquid bridge fracture based on liquid bridge morphology. This review mainly summarizes the fracture theoretical models and experimental methods of axisymmetric liquid bridges, non-axisymmetric liquid bridges, and non-Newtonian liquid bridges. It mainly introduces the weak nonlinear behavior of the fluid generated during the tensile and rupture of the liquid bridge under equilibrium or steady state caused by the forced hydraulic bridge. The influences of key factors such as liquid volume, viscosity, surface tension, wettability, roughness of the solid surface, fracture speed, and liquid bridge morphology on the fracture location or liquid distribution rate of the liquid bridge are systematically described. The experimental methods for quantitatively studying the use of different key parameters affecting liquid bridge fracture are analyzed. The structural characteristics of different experimental apparatus and their advantages and disadvantages are compared and discussed. Furthermore, the innovative and high-value research direction of the research is summarized and proposed, which may be used in future research. Finally, the research frontier trends of liquid bridge fracture in the field of micro-nano technology prospected, and it is pointed out that the future research focused on issues including a more comprehensive hydraulic bridge fracture model, the fracture mechanism, and multi-parameter control method of the liquid bridge. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research status and prospect of key installations and flow characteristics of pneumatic conveying Jiawei ZHOU Xiangyu YAN Zebing ZHENG Qinghui WANG Linjian SHANGGUAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (5): 649-661.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222192 Abstract （162）   HTML （1065）    PDF （3837KB）（125）       Knowledge map    Save Pneumatic conveying has the characteristics of environmentally friendly, operational safety, spatial intensification, flexible configuration, and easy to automate. In addition, this bulk material handling method also has the advantages of quantitative conveying, conveniently dispersing or centralized conveying, and inert gas protection conveying for unstable materials. The aforementioned characteristics pneumatic conveying to a commonly clean conveying technology for bulk materials. At the same time, pneumatic conveying has been widely applied in chemical, food, pharmaceutical, energy industries, and other fields. However, this method also has a few problems, such as high energy consumption, particle degradation, and pipe erosion. The fundamental cause of the disadvantages lies in the complex conveying process, transient state of particle conveying, and difficulty in accurate prediction. Therefore, the multi-means characterization and prediction of material conveying characteristics in different conveying processes have always been the hot points of this technology. It is well known that the equipment composition is the foundation of pneumatic conveying system performance. In addition, the feeding device is one of the most important factors for conveying processes. In this meaning, this work first summarized the structure of the pneumatic conveying system and the structural characteristics of commonly used feeding devices. Then, this work reviews the application and research of the numerical simulation methods including the two-fluid model in the computational fluid dynamics and the coupling simulation of the computational fluid dynamic discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The application conditions, merits, and demerits of the common numerical method are discussed. What is more, the research and application status of measuring devices commonly used in pneumatic conveying are summarized, including electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), pressure determination, and acoustic emission. Meanwhile, the study mainly focuses on flow pattern evolution and pressure loss in the conveying system, as well as some interesting study points of pneumatic conveying, which are well explored. Finally, several thinking points for future research on this technology are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research review in regulating interfacial interaction on MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation Lili GONG Ju BAI Can WANG Wei LAI Linglong SHAN Shuangjiang LUO Zhichang LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 489-500.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223054 Abstract （282）   HTML （21）    PDF （7406KB）（252）       Knowledge map    Save Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have attracted substantial attention for gas separation, combining the advantages of organic polymers and inorganic fillers, which are expected to solve the Trade-off effect. Metal organic frameworks (MOF), as a kind of innovative filler, provided promising development opportunities for MMMs, thanks to high surface area and porosity, adjustable pores, and low density, etc. These unique physical and chemical properties promoted the application in gas adsorption, separation, and storage. MOF is regarded as good compatibility with the polymer matrix because the organic linkers in MOF are more similar to the organic chain of the polymer compared with traditional inorganic materials (molecular sieve or metal oxide, etc.). Gas separation performance is improved by incorporating MOF into the polymer matrix, which is expected to balance the Trade-off effect. However, the separation performance of MMMs is not simply the sum of the two phases and is far below the predicted theoretical value by the material simulation in most cases. One of the key reasons for these non-ideal morphologies resulting from poor interfacial compatibility, including the non-selective interfacial voids, polymer rigidified, and pore blockage, which reduce the separation performance of MMMs. Therefore, good interfacial compatibility plays a key role in MMMs. Constructing effective interface interactions is a feasible strategy to improve interface compatibility. Thus, in this review, a comprehensive overview of the main technical challenges in developing MOF-based MMMs and a detailed description of the interface issues are provided. And constructing different interface interactions, including hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, coordination bonds and others, has been expounded through various methods and strategies in the last five years. Finally, it aims to summarize the positive effects on the properties of MMMs through effective and strong interface interactions, guiding the future development of MOF-based MMMs. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on molding process of catalysts for fixed bed reactor Shanshan LIU Qida DING Tao GUO Yaofeng WANG Baohua XU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 501-511.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222088 Abstract （224）   HTML （9）    PDF （1464KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save The progresses obtained in the catalytic technology are driven by the social demands, such as environment, energy, chemicals, and fuels. The ultimate goal is to increase the process efficiency for scale-up. The molding catalysts are usually multicomponent material of millimetre-size consisting of the active phases, supports, and various molding additives suitable for commercial applications. Different from the powder catalysts, the molding catalysts should not only possess the catalytic activity of the powder catalyst but also consider the use of binder, lubricant, acid and pore-forming agent to satisfy the required mechanical strength and chemical stability to ensure that they can run smoothly and have a long life in industrial reactors. In addition, the shape and size of the molding catalysts affect the catalytic performance by affecting the flow state of the materials inside the reactor. Therefore, the molding process is complex and full of challenges. This review introduces the influence of molding conditions on both the mechanical and the catalytic properties at the fixed bed. Specifically, the effects of the types and amounts of additives, the addition sequence, the calcination conditions, the pulp ratio, and the shape and size of molding catalysts are focused. Weibull modulus can be used to measure the reliability of mechanical strength of brittle materials, and further judge and predict the reliability of catalyst strength value. In addition, this review also introduces the application of Weibull distribution in the reliability judgment and prediction of catalyst strength value, and the progress of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in assisting catalyst morphology design. The potential of Weibull distribution and CFD in future applications of molding catalyst are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics Select Current application and development of microneedle Sibo ZHAO Yiru BAO Min XIE The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (2): 163-172.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222114 Abstract （410）   HTML （160）    PDF （2905KB）（154）       Knowledge map    Save Microneedles are micrometer sized single needles or needle arrays that are produced by microfabricating techniques. Microneedles could penetrate the stratum corneum layer of the skin to reach the dermal layer which is favorable for percutaneous drug delivery. Microneedles have a number of advantages in drug delivery, compared with oral administration, microneedles circumvent the metabolic effects of the digestive system on drugs, compared with injection needles, microneedles are able to reduce pain and improve adherence compliance in patients. Due to their special transdermal pathway and precise, convenient application methods, microneedle has also become a hot studies area in biomedicine at present and their applications in vaccination, tissue fluid extraction and biomarker detection, etc. have been well investigated. According to working mechanisms for percutaneous drug delivery, microneedles can be classified as five kinds, including solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel microneedles. This review, combined with relevant articles in the field of microneedle technology in recent years, provides a brief overview of the types and fabricating materials of microneedles, mainly introduces the current applications of microneedles in the field of drug delivery (such as insulin injection for diabetes treatment, local drug delivery for cancer treatment, vaccination, tissue fluid extraction and biomarker detection, etc.) Besides, if the microneedles would be widely applied in the marker for medical application, some factors including mechanic strength, biological safety, sterilization process and biological stability of biomolecules on the micrneedles should be well considered which are also discussed in the review. At last, outlooks on microneedles' future development are prospected, such as developing microneedles based drug delivery system for heart attack treatment, improving biological stability of the biological molecules on the microneedles for convenient vaccination, and combining of microneedles with other techniques, such as sensitive biomarker detection method, microfluidic chip and wearable device, which will open a new prospect for the development of microneedles techniques. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on sodium storage mechanism and performance of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries Cheng HAN Shaojie WU Chaoyang WU Mingyang LI Hongming LONG Xiangpeng GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (2): 173-187.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222083 Abstract （402）   HTML （13）    PDF （1833KB）（198）       Knowledge map    Save The massive use of fossil fuels is bound to cause irreversible damage to the global ecological environment. New energy sources such as solar, wind, and tidal have the advantages of being clean, non-hazardous, and renewable, and can be used to replace fossil fuels to alleviate the environmental crisis. The development and utilization of green energy have led to the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies to store clean and renewable energy in the grid. Lithium-ion batteries, one of the most successful secondary ion batteries in energy storage, have been used in various electronic products, but expensive and scarce raw material resources limit their applications in the field of large-scale energy storage equipment. Therefore, the search for inexpensive secondary ion batteries with excellent performance is one of the hot research topics nowadays. As a new type of secondary ion battery, sodium-ion battery not only has a similar working principle as a lithium-ion battery but also features low cost, high resource abundance, and high reversible capacity. The extensive exploration by researchers is expected to make it a successful alternative to lithium-ion batteries for commercial production. This work mainly reviews the progress of the research on the performance of sodium-ion battery anode materials, firstly, the three mechanisms of sodium storage in the anode materials, namely the intercalation reaction, alloying reaction, and conversion reaction, are analyzed and summarized according to the different ways of sodium ion storage in the anode materials. Then, according to the performance of sodium-ion battery anode materials, three common modifications of anode materials are summarized: structural modification, elemental doping, and material compounding, and the electrochemical properties of anode materials before and after modification are compared. Then, the research status and problems faced by several key anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, such as carbon-based materials, titanium-based materials, alloy-based materials, conversion-based materials, and organic materials, are highlighted. Finally, the research directions of sodium-ion battery anode materials are prospected based on the actual production and industrial applications. Related Articles | Metrics Select Exploitation and utilization of fluorite and its strategic significance Danxian ZHANG Jianhua KANG Hongjun HUANG Wenxia ZHU Ruolin WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 1-14.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221373 Abstract （229）   HTML （6）    PDF （1444KB）（128）       Knowledge map    Save Fluorite, as an important non-renewable non-metallic strategic mineral resource, has been valued by many countries. With the rapid development of science and technology and the national economy, its economic value and strategic position are increasingly prominent. In recent years, the fluorine chemical industry chain has been deepening, and the demand for fluorite resources has increased sharply. Due to the limited reserves of fluorite resources, uneven distribution of resources, trade protectionism, and anti-globalization forces, the global fluorine chemical industry is highly concentrated and highly monopolized. And there are great differences in the economic development, clean and efficient utilization of fluorite resources, and intensive processing technology in different countries and regions, which have a serious impact on the supply and demand of fluorite products and consumption patterns, and intensify the contradiction between fluorite resource reserves and the development of fluorite industry. In this review, the resource reserve, main industrial structure, the consumption structure of supply and demand, and clean utilization technology aspects in detail elaborated on the economic status and the strategic significance of fluorite resources. It is proposed to ensure the global strategic layout of fluorite resources by strengthening the reorganization of fluorite resources, clean and efficient utilization, deep processing technology and equipment research and development, high-end product manufacturing, etc. To further promote the development of the fluorite industry towards the direction of fine, complex, lightweight, environmental protection and energy-saving, recycling economy fluorite chemical products application field and high-tech industry application research and development, ensure the reserve and supply of fluorite resources, achieve the optimal allocation of global fluorite resources and the healthy and sustainable development of fluorite industry. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume Xin DONG Yinuo LIU Chen YE Jianwei ZHANG Ying FENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 15-24.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222021 Abstract （236）   HTML （1）    PDF （1035KB）（148）       Knowledge map    Save Bubble plume is a complex gas-liquid two-phase flow, which is widely used in industrial fields such as wastewater treatment, petroleum processing, environmental protection. The complex flow characteristics of bubble plume are very important for gas-liquid mass, momentum transfer and its industrial application. In this work, the flow characteristics of bubble plume in theoretical and experimental research are analyzed and summarized. The effects of different operating and structural parameters on the hydraulic characteristics such as gas holdup, bubble size distribution, plume width and oscillation are discussed. The simulation methods of observing and capturing the flow characteristics of bubble plume are summarized. In addition, due to the wide application of bubble plume, it is also very important to measure the bubble velocity distribution quickly and accurately. With the rapid development of digital image recognition technology, the combination of high-speed camera and digital image recognition technology provides an effective, intuitive and accurate method for bubble plume velocity. The prediction models and empirical formulas of hydraulic parameters such as gas holdup and bubble diameter are summarized, and the different applicable conditions of the models and formulas are listed. In the practical application of bubble plume, the structural morphology and flow characteristics of bubble plume change due to the complexity of environmental fluid (such as transverse flow in environmental fluid and stratification due to density and temperature difference of environmental fluid). Therefore, the research progress of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume in complex environment fluid is presented. The variation of bubble plume flow pattern and the effect of plume destratification in stratified fluid are summarized. The migration behavior and motion of plume in transverse flow environment are analyzed. Finally, the limitations of research methods and theoretical methods of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume are discussed. The multi-scale research direction of bubble plume motion law is proposed in further. Related Articles | Metrics Select Application progress of coal petrology in coking coal blending and coal blending optimization technology Yan WANG Chengwei YANG Dongying YUAN Yuhong ZHANG Sijian QU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 25-37.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222343 Abstract （199）   HTML （1）    PDF （14196KB）（101）       Knowledge map    Save Scientific and reasonable coal blending technology was very important for the high-quality development of coking enterprises. The core of coking coal blending technology lied in the in-depth understanding of the coal quality characteristics of raw coal. The main factors affected the properties of coking coal include metamorphic degree, maceral composition and third genetic factor-fluorescence characteristics. Therefore, coal petrology was very important for the research and application of coking coal blending technology. This review discussed the development status of three coking coal blending technologies, such as experience coal blending, maceral coal blending and artificial intelligence coal blending, and summarized the overall development trend of coking coal blending technology. Combined with the author's research practice, the application status of coal petrological indexes in coking coal blending was mainly combed. While paying attention to the characteristics of maceral, it also took into account the characterization of coking coal by relevant parameters such as process indicators. In practical application, the selection and utilization of various index parameters need to comprehensively consider the parameter adaptation range and respect the true correspondence of coking coal. Based on the above content, the overall idea of associating geological factors and process indexes such as coal-forming age, producing area, caking index and gum layer index was put forward to realize the scientific and in-depth correlation between coke performance and raw coal characteristics, and to construct a new coal blending technology system of origin-process-result. By summarizing the key role of maceal in coking coal blending and its application status, the manuscript pointed out the development trend of typical coking coal blending technology, and put forward a new system of optimized coal blending technology based on maceral+fluidity, so as to establish a reliable evaluation system for coal blending and coking industry and better meet the market demand. Related Articles | Metrics Select Multiscale discrete particle simulation for iron and steel industry: progress and prospect Ji XU Wei GE Limin WANG Jinghai LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1308-1316.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222276 Abstract （264）   HTML （25）    PDF （5336KB）（153）       Knowledge map    Save To achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the steel industry is currently facing an urgent need for transformation and upgrading. Due to the long development cycle and high cost of the experimental methods, simulation methods of high accuracy and high efficiency are playing an important role in realizing the intelligent and green technology of the steel industry. However, the applicable simulation toolkits are lacking due to the complexity and diversity of the iron-making and steel-making processes. This article introduces the possibility to realize a high-performance, more accurate multiscale discrete particle simulation method based on the consistency of the logic and structure between the problem, model, software, and hardware, namely the EMMS paradigm. Some preliminary applications on the optimization of apparatus structures and operating conditions in the steel industry are summarized, e.g., enhancing the iron ore raw material separation process by adding the permanent magnets, optimizing the structure of the inlet region of a sinter vertically arranged cooler for higher heat recovery efficiency, optimizing the operation of the rotating drum to enhance the throughput of dealing with the steel slag, and the operational optimization of the burden distribution in the blast furnace to reduce the coke consumption. These successful applications demonstrate that the multiscale discrete particle simulation method is becoming a powerful tool for the steel industry. Thus, the realization of the higher level tool for transformation and upgrading of the steel industry, namely virtual process engineering (VPE), is prospected, which requires integrating the multi-scale discrete particle simulation with online measurement, artificial intelligence (AI), interactive simulation, virtual reality (VR) and online control. Related Articles | Metrics Select Development trend for co-production of steel and chemical in the context of carbon neutrality Chunyan SHI Guoshuai ZHANG Yi LI Suojiang ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1317-1324.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222361 Abstract （355）   HTML （30）    PDF （2057KB）（131）       Knowledge map    Save The by-produced gas, waste heat, and steel slag as well as the current situation on the co-production of steel and chemical in the iron and steel industry are analyzed. The developing trend of green and low-carbon technologies is discussed and the new mode from "carbon fixation by chemical" to "carbon substitution by hydrogen" in carbon-free steelmaking in the future is prospected. Suggestions and measures are put forward to the application of new technologies for steel and chemical co-production. It is expected to establish a new sustainable industrial ecosystem with the steel industry as the leader coupled with the chemical industry to support the realization of China's carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goal. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of fluidized bed direct reduction at Institute of Process Engineering Chuanlin FAN Zhan DU Feng PAN Zheng ZOU Jun LI Hongzhong LI Qingshan ZHU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1325-1332.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222325 Abstract （302）   HTML （27）    PDF （4964KB）（178）       Knowledge map    Save Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, iron and steel industry urgently needs low-carbon reconstruction. Hydrogen direct reduction (usually called "hydrogen metallurgy") is an important research field in the domestic and overseas. Fluidized bed (FB) direct reduction has been the research direction at Institute of Process Engineering (IPE) for more than 60 years. On the occasion of commemorating the 120th anniversary of Professor Chu-Phay Yap's birth, this work reviews and summarizes a series of important achievements on basic researches and industrial applications of FB direct reduction at IPE. In the basic researches respect, the competition of adhesive force and rupturing force for particle sticking, the behaviors of agglomerate fluidization and slow defluidization, the growth mechanisms and sticking characteristics of newly formed iron with different morphologies were revealed; and a series of methods for anti-defluidization were successively established, including particle coating and iron morphology regulation to reduce the adhesive force, and enhance particle motion, particle size increase, using external field forces to increase the rupturing force. Furthermore, several pilot plants with various iron ores were constructed and operated to promote the industrial application of new technologies, including hydrogen FB direct reduction of 100 kg/d iron ore concentrate, 1 t/d vanadium bearing titanomagnetite and FB direct reduction-electric furnace smelting of 2000 t/a vanadium bearing titanomagnetite. Currently, IPE is cooperating with Ansteel Group to establish the world's first FB direct reduction pilot plant of 10 000 t-DRI/a using green hydrogen. This paper aims to commemorates Professor Chu-Phay Yap, Professor Mooson Kwauk and other scientists of the older generation, and also to propel advance of basic theory and technology in FB direct reduction, for promotion of the low-carbon development for the iron and steel industry of China. Related Articles | Metrics Select Analysis and thinking of low-carbon technology in non-ferrous metal industry Shili ZHENG Shufeng YE Qian WANG Shuhua MA Zhi WANG Zhi SUN Shan QIAO Xiaomeng ZHANG Yi ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1333-1348.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222282 Abstract （247）   HTML （13）    PDF （3466KB）（111）       Knowledge map    Save Reduction of carbon dioxide emission in the non-ferrous metal industry is critical for realizing the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals in China. State-of-the-art of carbon dioxide emissions in the non-ferrous metal industry were summarized and analyzed here. Based on this, the low-carbon technology path of non-ferrous metal industry, especially the key smelting industry, was put forward. The analysis shows that the aluminum smelting industry is the core of carbon dioxide emission reduction in the non-ferrous metal industry. It is expected that the non-ferrous metal industry will achieve a peak of carbon dioxide emission in 2025 with the peak value being 750 million tons carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide reduction technology path of the non-ferrous industry mainly includes four parts, which are, green energy substitution, advanced low-carbon technologies and equipment, metal recycling, and carbon capture and utilization (CCU). Among them, metal recycling is the key path for the non-ferrous industry to support the realization of the national carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of chemical engineering technology in the process intensification of biohydrometallurgy Cailong SHEN Yan JIA Yanzhen CHEN Guangji ZHANG Chao YANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1349-1359.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222246 Abstract （219）   HTML （10）    PDF （3530KB）（72）       Knowledge map    Save With the depletion of high-grade minerals, traditional pyrometallurgy with high cost and serious environmental contamination is no longer suitable for the sustainable development of the economy and society of China. Biohydrometallurgy is a bacterial-assisted leaching process to solubilize or expose the metals contained in different minerals, and the main role of the bacteria is to regenerate ferric ions and protons. Since the 1980s, biohydrometallurgy including heap bioleaching and tank bioleaching has been widely used for the recovery of metals such as copper and gold from low-grade and complex minerals because of its easy operation, low cost, and environmental advantages. Up to now, about 15% of the world's copper production can be attributed to the heap bioleaching of copper ore and about 5% of the world's gold production can be attributed to the biooxidation of refractory gold ore in continuous stirred tank reactors. However, the relatively slow reaction velocity of biohydrometallurgy is the main limitation to its further development. The application of biohydrometallurgy has been promoted remarkedly by the development of chemical engineering technology in history such as chemical reaction engineering and chemical separation technology. The process intensification of biohydrometallurgy based on chemical engineering technology is still one of the most important research interests in the future. Therefore, the research progress of chemical engineering technology in the process intensification of biohydrometallurgy was reviewed in this paper to help a better understanding. The influencing factors of efficiency in heap bioleaching and tank bioleaching were discussed mainly from an industrial point of view, and future research prospects were also put forward. Related Articles | Metrics Select Technical consideration on the transition from "ultra-low emissions" to "reduction of pollution and carbon emissions" in China's iron and steel industry Tingyu ZHU Xiaolong LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1360-1367.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222353 Abstract （350）   HTML （20）    PDF （2835KB）（155）       Knowledge map    Save The iron and steel industry plays an important role in China's national economy, and it is also the largest pollution-carbon emission in China. In April 2019, five ministries and commissions jointly issued the "Opinions on Promoting the Implementation of Ultra-low Emissions in the Iron and Steel Industry", leading to a beginning of ultra-low emissions for industrial flue gas, and the air pollution emissions of China's steel industry achieved a significant reduction. Since the "14th Five-Year Plan", under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, with the proposal of pollution and carbon reduction, the problem of carbon incremental effect caused by ultra-low emission technologies has gradually become prominent, which has brought new technological needs to the steel industry. This work expounds the technological progress of ultra-low emissions in China's steel industry, summarizes the development direction of pollution and carbon reduction in the steel industry, and puts forward suggestions for the green and low-carbon development of the steel industry in the future, providing a reference for promoting the high-quality green development of China's steel industry. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of biomass application in EAF steelmaking Chengjin HAN Rong ZHU Guangsheng WEI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1368-1378.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222321 Abstract （228）   HTML （4）    PDF （3466KB）（68）       Knowledge map    Save In the current context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, the steel industry is under tremendous pressure to reduce carbon emissions in the long term, which is a major emitter of CO2. Therefore, developing electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking with lower carbon emissions will be an effective measure for the steel industry to achieve carbon emission reduction. However, although the carbon emission of EAF steelmaking is greatly lower than that of the traditional "Blast furnace-Converter" long-process steelmaking, it still needs to use a large number of coal resources to meet the smelting requirements. Therefore, using a suitable carbon source to replace coal as a carburizing and foaming agent in EAF steelmaking is of great significance to further reduce carbon emissions from EAF steelmaking. Biomass resources as the only renewable carbon source will be the first choice of alternative carbon sources. In this work, a series of studies on the application of biomass in EAF steelmaking conducted by domestic and international scholars had been introduced and the existing research results were also presented. On this basis, the future research direction of biomass application in domestic EAF steelmaking was prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Prospect on high ratio pellet utilized in blast furnace under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality Xindong WANG Yonglong JIN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1379-1389.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222239 Abstract （243）   HTML （17）    PDF （935KB）（39）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon peaking and carbon neutrality are important measures taken by China to shoulder its responsibility as a major country in addressing climate issues and promote ecological progress and high-quality development. High carbon emissions are a key factor limiting the steel industry's ability to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. In order to achieve the goal of low-carbon development, on the one hand, breakthrough low-carbon metallurgical processes should be developed and applied, or enough high-quality scrap resources be supplied. On the other hand, the merits of existing blast furnace process, i.e., mature, high efficiency, high quality and low cost, etc., will be brought to full play to. And combining with the condition of iron ore resources, making full use of pellets' excellent metallurgical performance, low energy consumption and low emissions advantages of the production, developing blast furnace optimized burden structure and the related operation system by using high percentage of pellets, the best energy consumption and carbon emissions in the system level will be achieved. The overall competitiveness of existing processes will be improved. Significant progresses have been made in the research, development and application of technologies related to the use of high proportion of pellets in blast furnace at home and abroad. In China, some enterprises have certain resource advantages, and a large number of preliminary studies have been carried out. The future development will have a positive effect on China's steel industry to achieve the goal of low carbon emission. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on high efficiency metallurgy and clean extraction of vanadium-titanium magnetite ore in Panxi area Chenguang BAI Xuewei LÜ Guibao QIU Shengfu ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1390-1399.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222302 Abstract （268）   HTML （10）    PDF （5487KB）（98）       Knowledge map    Save The vanadium-titanium magnetite ore is an important characteristic resource in Panxi area of China, but it is difficult to smelt because of its high TiO2 content and complex mineral phase. As early as June 1958, Mr. Chu-Phay Yap issued a written opinion on "urgent problems of iron ore bearing titanium in Panzhihua". Among them, the "urgent problem" is to break through some foreign scholars' judgment: "smelting this ore with blast furnace has little hope of success", and rely on domestic scientific research to overcome the problems of smelting vanadium-titanium magnetite ore with blast furnace in Panxi area. With the cooperation of related industries and research forces in China, it has been successfully broken through that difficult problem of smelting of vanadium-titanium magnetite ore with blast furnace in Panxi region, and further improved the level of smelting, reaching the world higher level in whole. In recent years, in addition to the continuous improvement of smelting level, the level of comprehensive utilization of that kind ore has also carried out a lot of original research work. Chongqing University is one of the earliest research institutes on comprehensive utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite ore smelting. Over the years it has always took the vanadium-titanium magnetite smelting and its efficient utilization as the primary of metallurgical science research topic in the Chongqing University, and the unique processes of blast furnace smelting vanadium-titanium magnetite ore are studied systematically in the theory and technology, that has formed distinctive research features. In recent years, it has also been made that breakthroughs in theoretical and experimental research methods and made good progress in close cooperation with enterprises on smelting technology of high ratio vanadium-titanium magnetite ore in blast furnace, titanium extraction from titanium-containing blast furnace slag and titanium slag smelting technology in large electric furnace, as well as efficient and clean extraction technology of vanadium resources. This review gives a brief introduction on the clean metallurgy and efficient extraction research progress on Panxi vanadium-titanium magnetite ore in Chongqing University, to commemorate the contribution of Chu-Phay Yap and Yanxian Lin et al. scientific workers for the development and utilization of Panxi vanadium-titanium magnetite ore, and uphold their feet on the ground, as well as the innovation of scientific spirit. To promote the development of green and intelligent metallurgy and resource efficient utilization of vanadium-titanium magnetite ore in Panxi region under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. Related Articles | Metrics Select Thermal simulation technique for solidification process of continuous casting and its application Huazhi YUAN Honggang ZHONG Qijie ZHAI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1400-1413.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222310 Abstract （292）   HTML （12）    PDF （5409KB）（74）       Knowledge map    Save Solidification is an important process governing the quality of metallurgical products, but the study of solidification process under continuous casting condition is extremely difficult result from the high temperature, opaque, large-scale and continuous production. The current research methods mainly include numerical simulation, physical simulation and thermal simulation, among which thermal simulation method is of great interest because the experimental data similar to the production conditions can be directly obtained. This work systematically introduces the methods of thermal simulation for continuous casting solidification. The principles of thermal simulation techniques are briefly described, and the applications of the mold thermal simulation method and the characteristic unit thermal simulation method are summarized. Among them, the thermal simulation methods for dendritic growth of continuous casting billet and hot tearing based on the heat conduction similarity have successfully "condensed" the solidification process of a dozen tons of cast billet into a laboratory study with 100 grams of steel. Both the methods can not only reveal the influences of composition, pouring and cooling conditions on solidification process, microstructure and solute distribution, but also can observe the morphology of solid-liquid interface, diffusion of solute, evolution of inclusions, and the possibility of hot tearing formation, that are regarded as extremely important issues in metallurgy filed but cannot be obtained by other means. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of bubble separation behavior on electrodes and its strengthening technology Wei LIN Zhangwei WANG Wei WANG Jimin LI Zixin GUO Jin XIANG Xinyuan QIU Hongyang ZHAN Jiuyang YU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (9): 1147-1158.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221283 Abstract （401）   HTML （14）    PDF （3257KB）（166）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of the global economy inevitably caused the rapid consumption of fossil resources and serious environmental pollution problems. Hydrogen plays an increasingly important role in energy supply and environmental protection as a clean energy, water electrolysis is a way to produce hydrogen on a large scale, so it is very important to enhance the efficiency of water electrolysis for hydrogen energy production. How to improve the electrolysis efficiency of water electrolysis technology has been widely concerned. During electrolysis, the gas produced at both ends of the electrode can go in one of three directions: out of the cell, dissolved in the electrolyte, or attached to the electrode. However, in the electrolysis process, the bubbles attached to the electrode will seriously affect the contact area between the electrode and electrolyte, which directly reduces the electrolysis efficiency. Therefore, reducing the residence time of bubbles on the electrode can effectively increase the contact time between electrolyte and electrode and improve the efficiency of hydrogen production. In this work, the recent progress in promoting the separation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles from the plate during electrolysis is reviewed. The nucleation, growth, coalescence and separation of bubbles are studied from the aspects of plate properties, current, solution concentration, and external physical field, and the characteristics of various methods to enhance bubble separation are discussed and summarized. The electrolytic efficiency can be improved and the energy consumption of electrolysis can be reduced by promoting the bubble separation on the electrode. The future development direction and route are prospected, this provides fundamental insight and direction for the future design of the bubble separation technology in water electrolysis. Related Articles | Metrics Select Application of low-temperature plasma in surface modification of electrochemical energy storage devices Zhengde WANG Kaixiong GAO Bin ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (9): 1159-1168.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221355 Abstract （209）   HTML （3）    PDF （2719KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Save Facing the increasingly severe energy crisis, it is necessary to reduce the use of fossil fuels and develop new energy materials. Energy storage materials have attracted widespread attention as the key to the safe and stable operation of the power system after the integration of renewable energy sources. At present, secondary batteries represented by lithium-ion batteries have been widely used as new energy storage devices. Its electrochemical performance is affected by various parts of electrochemical devices, such as electrode materials, separators, and current collectors. Among them, the electrode material is the core component of the secondary battery, which greatly determines the comprehensive electrochemical performance of the secondary battery. However, during the charging and discharging process, the core component electrode material faces problems such as volume expansion and active material dissolution, which further affect the capacity and safety of the secondary battery. Reasonable surface modification of electrochemical energy storage devices is the key to solving the above problems. Recently, plasma technology, owing to its high activity, which can induce rapid and efficient reactions under relatively mild conditions, has been widely used on both industrial and laboratory scales as a very promising and important tool for surface modification of electrochemical energy storage devices. The use of plasma to treat the surface of the electrochemical energy storage devices can effectively inhibit the dissolution of the active material, avoid the occurrence of side reactions, and improve the cycle life and discharge capacity of the secondary battery. This work introduces plasma technology, especially low-temperature plasma, and summarizes the latest progress in low-temperature plasma technology in electrochemical energy storage devices including electrode material and separator. Finally, plasma technology is discussed. The advantages of the method, as well as the challenges and applications it faces in the prospect are analyzed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on the adsorption properties and mechanism of titanium dioxide to common dyes Xiaoteng ZHAO Xintao ZHOU Zhongqiu LUO Yu WEI Xiong LAN Yan LU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (9): 1169-1180.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221247 Abstract （239）   HTML （4）    PDF （3518KB）（54）       Knowledge map    Save Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has the characteristics of large specific surface area, rich pore structure, stable properties, low manufacturing cost and nontoxicity. It can be used as an adsorbent and photocatalyst to adsorb and treat wastewater containing heavy metals, organic dyes and other pollutants. In this work, the influencing factors in the process of TiO2 adsorption to common organic dyes in wastewater is comprehensively analyzed, the influence of different influencing factors on the adsorption effect is summarized, and the effects of composite modification, doping modification and organic solution modification on the dye adsorption performance of TiO2 are discussed. The literature indicates that modification methods play an important role in enriching the pore structure of TiO2, increasing the specific surface area of the TiO2 based adsorption materials and the active sites on the surface, followed by improving its adsorption performance. The analysis of adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics data exhibits that the kinetics of TiO2 in the process of adsorbing organic dyes in wastewater mainly follows the pseudo-secondary kinetic model, and the thermodynamics accords with the Langmuir model monolayer adsorption or the Freundlich model. Its adsorption mechanism mainly includes electrostatic attraction, the interaction of n-π stacking and hydrogen bonding, and so on. The TiO2 system is used as an adsorbent to adsorb and treat dye molecules in wastewater, it has the advantages of high efficiency, environmental protection, and low production cost. It can play a vital role in the field of wastewater treatment in the future and can be studied as a green material with broad application prospects. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of adsorption method to remove tetracycline from wastewater Xiong LAN Qin LIU Xintao ZHOU Zhongqiu LUO Xiaoteng ZHAO Yan LU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (8): 989-1000.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221261 Abstract （438）   HTML （16）    PDF （6695KB）（147）       Knowledge map    Save Tetracycline (TC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic with large production and application at present. Its chemical properties are relatively stable and difficult to metabolize, so it is easy to accumulate in soil and water. The abuse of antibiotics not only increases the drug resistance of bacteria, but also produces resistance genes and induces the production of super-bacteria. Therefore, the harmless treatment of wastewater containing TC is urgent. Adsorption method has the advantages of easy operation, high removal rate, economy, and environmental protection. It is widely considered as an efficient method to remove antibiotics. The adsorption materials used to remove tetracycline from wastewater are different and various. This work mainly summarizes three kinds of common adsorbents: carbon materials, metal organic framework materials, and mineral materials. The adsorption capacity of the above materials for TC is listed, and the effects of pH value, temperature, ionic strength and other factors on the adsorption process of TC are analyzed. On this basis, the fitting of different adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic models when these three kinds of materials adsorb TC is analyzed. It is found that the adsorption kinetics of most materials meets with the quasi-second-order kinetic model, and the adsorption thermodynamics of the Freundlich thermodynamic model are better to describe the adsorption process. In addition, the mechanism involved in the removal of TC is also described. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these three kinds of materials in the study of TC adsorption are compared, and the future research focus is prospected, which provides a reference for accelerating the preparation of more economical, efficient and renewable TC removal adsorption materials. Related Articles | Metrics Select Tribocharging mechanism and triboelectric separation technology of waste plastics Jilan SHI Yongqiang XU Haifeng WANG Yaqun HE The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (8): 1001-1010.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221214 Abstract （241）   HTML （5）    PDF （1094KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save Plastics are widely used in the fields of engineering construction, food safety, transportation, and medical treatment due to the advantages of light material, stable chemical properties, low cost, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. If it is not handled properly, it will cause serious environmental pollution and waste. The prevention and control of plastic pollution have become an environmental issue of global concern. At present, the recycling methods for processing waste plastics include primary recycling, energy recycling, mechanical recycling and chemical recycling. Mechanical recycling has become the most commonly used method for processing waste plastics due to its simple processing technology, low equipment cost, and low investment. Commonly used mechanical treatment methods include wind separation, flotation, electrostatic separation, optical separation, etc. As a new type of dry separation method, triboelectric separation has been paid more and more attention by researchers because of its advantages of simple process, less pollution, less investment and low cost. It uses the contact, collision, friction between minerals, or the friction between minerals and the feeding trough, to generate charges of different magnitudes and opposite signs. When fed into a high-voltage electric field, the resulting motion trajectories are also significantly different due to the different signs of the particle charges, separating the two minerals. It mainly includes two processes of triboelectric charging and electrostatic sorting. The materials to be sorted carry charges of different polarities after friction, which is the prerequisite for triboelectric sorting and separation. Aiming at the sorting and recycling of waste plastics, this work introduces the charging mechanism, influencing factors, charging device, and sorting device of triboelectric separation in detail, and points out the technical problems of recycling waste plastics by triboelectric separation. The future development direction of triboelectric separation technology is prospected. It is suggested that the theoretical study of turbocharging should be improved from a microscopic point of view with the help of modern analytical instruments. Develop and design an electrified sorting device that can precisely control humidity. Optimize the structural design of the charging device, enhance the charging effect, or fully charge the particles through multi-stage charging. 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