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Published in last 1 year |  In last 2 years |  In last 3 years |  All Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select Effect of alloying elements on RE2Fe14B (RE=Nd, Pr) based nanocomposite permanent magnets Chuanyou HUO Dianbao ZHANG Xiaoyu BO Erbao QIAN Zhen ZHANG Jinghan NIU Shengnan JIANG Hailing LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2025, 25 (3): 221-232.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224121 Abstract （94）   HTML （13）    PDF （1330KB）（30）       Knowledge map    Save Nanocomposite magnets have become a promising next-generation permanent magnet material due to their potential high magnetic energy product. The implementation of high magnetic performance depends on precise control of the microstructure, including the grain size and distribution of soft and hard magnetic phases, the content of soft magnetic phases, the orientation of hard magnetic phases, the structure and chemical composition, etc. At present, the microstructure of nanocomposite magnets is mainly controlled by adjusting the alloy composition and preparation process. By adding alloying elements, not only can improve the microstructure of nanocomposite permanent magnets, but also can change the intrinsic magnetic parameters of the main phase in the magnet, which is a common method to improve the magnetic performance of the magnet. In this work, the role of alloying elements in microstructure control of RE2Fe14B (RE=Nd, Pr) based nanocomposite permanent magnet materials is summarized and evaluated. The addition of rare earth elements (La, Ce, Pr, Dy, Tb, etc.) to replace Nd atoms alters the intrinsic magnetic parameters of Nd2Fe14B phase. Elements such as Co, Cr, Ni, and Mn can enter the lattice of α-Fe and RE2Fe14B to replace by the point position of Fe, while changing the intrinsic magnetic parameters of the soft and hard magnetic phases, thereby altering the magnetic properties of the magnet. It has been confirmed that elements such as Nb, Ti, and Zr can enter the main phase Nd2Fe14B, but are more enriched at grain boundaries, playing a role in enhancing domain wall pinning and refining grain size. Elements such as Sn and Ga can improve the high-temperature magnetic performance of magnets and enhance their thermal stability. Adjusting the alloy composition through the addition of alloying elements is an effective way to control the microstructure of nanocomposite magnets, but the content of alloying elements should be controlled within a certain range. Excessive addition will deteriorate the magnetic properties of the magnets. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of Si3N4/BN composite ceramics Lei ZHAO Yue SUN Yulong HU Zheyu FANG Xing JIN Songlin RAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2025, 25 (2): 111-128.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224154 Abstract （85）   HTML （2）    PDF （11377KB）（43）       Knowledge map    Save Si3N4 is an inorganic nonmetallic material with high hardness, high mechanical strength and high thermal stability. It is widely used in cutting tools, biomedicine, electronics, military and automobile fields. However, due to the hard and brittle characteristics of Si3N4 itself, surface defects are formed during processing, which greatly reduces the reliability of Si3N4 ceramics. A large number of studies show that the composite ceramics prepared with Si3N4 as matrix can effectively make up for the shortcomings of single Si3N4 ceramics. Among them, the composite ceramics prepared by adding BN as the second phase are particularly attractive in advanced engineering applications. BN ceramics exhibit good electrical insulation, oxidation resistance, and corrosion resistance. It has a good application prospect as a heat conductive and insulating material. In addition, the densification process and grain growth of composite ceramics are affected by sintering process, thus changing the properties of composite ceramics. Therefore, the excellent properties of the two materials are taken into account by adding BN to the Si3N4 ceramic matrix, the mechanical properties and dielectric properties of Si3N4-based composite ceramics are improved. In addition to thermal conductivity, Si3N4/BN composite ceramics also have other properties such as burning resistance, thermal shock resistance and microwave absorption. The mechanism research and structural design of sintering technology of Si3N4/BN composite ceramics need to match the current application requirements of ceramic materials, and the further improvement of its properties is still the focus of current research. In this review, the sintering process of Si3N4/BN composite ceramics is introduced, and the research progress of properties of Si3N4/BN composite ceramics in recent years is summarized. Finally, this study outlines the current challenges and areas for further research in Si3N4/BN composite ceramics development. Related Articles | Metrics Select Developments and challenges in the evaluation of biological carbon sequestration benefits Mengdie WANG Xue XIA Dan WANG Zhao QIN Zhiyao PENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2025, 25 (2): 129-141.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224200 Abstract （66）   HTML （1）    PDF （3058KB）（28）       Knowledge map    Save With the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air rising, the threat of global warming is getting worse. Due to its mild conditions and reaction specificity, the biological carbon sequestration technology shows excellent potential for industrial applications under carbon neutral constraints. However, to be genuinely sustainable, industrial applications must implement low-carbon-footprint technology. Current methods for biological carbon sequestration assessment are few and heterogeneous, with the lack of a harmonized scientific assessment framework. In order to promote the development on the biological carbon sequestration assessment, this article reviews the application of genome-scale metabolic network model (GSM) and life cycle assessment (LCA) in biological carbon sequestration assessment, with a focus on analyzing the bottleneck issues of these two methods in biological carbon sequestration assessment. In addition, this review also provides a systematic outlook on the future development direction of the biological carbon sequestration assessment, elaborates on the significant advantages of machine learning applications, points out the scientificity of evaluation indicators based on atomic economy (AE), standardizes the basic framework for data acquisition, and analyzes important breakthroughs in constructing a multi-level evaluation framework. Related Articles | Metrics Select Design and preparation of targeted drug loading systems for treatment of Alzheimer's disease Jiayuan QIU Xi CHEN Xiaoqian YE Lilong ZHOU Jimmy YUN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2025, 25 (1): 1-19.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224086 Abstract （115）   HTML （7）    PDF （5687KB）（56）       Knowledge map    Save Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a very common progressive and destructive degenerative disease of the central nervous system that affects the quality of life of the elderly and poses a serious risk to their lives, placing a huge economic burden on families, society and the state. There are not many breakthroughs as well as innovations in current medications for the treatment of AD, and there is also the challenge of breaking through the blood-brain barrier, and improper treatment may lead to adverse reactions in patients. Targeted drug delivery system, as an effective therapeutic modality, can significantly reduce the concentration of drugs in the blood, the frequency of drug delivery and the drug toxicity, while increasing the concentration and efficacy of drugs at the target site and drug bioavailability, as well as providing a slow-release effect for drugs. In addition, the targeted drug delivery system is also expected to penetrate the blood-brain barrier, improve blood-brain penetration, realize brain targeting, and deliver drugs precisely, thus providing an efficient and safe way to treat AD. This work reviews the pathogenesis of AD, the non-pharmacological methods of adjuvant drug therapy for the treatment of AD as well as the mechanism of action and side effects of the main drugs targeting amyloid β protein (Aβ) aggregation, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, and receptor antagonism, etc. It also briefly introduces and combs through as well as summarizes the targeting drug delivery systems for the treatment of AD such as magnetic nanoparticles, liposomes, and so forth, points out the problems that exist at the moment, puts forward the possible solutions, and indicates the direction of possible development in the future. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on preparation of microbubbles by ejectors Mian QIAO Yuan GONG Lanying WANG Zhuo YANG Chunlei LI Yuqin TIAN Wenfei YUE The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (12): 1375-1386.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224165 Abstract （172）   HTML （7）    PDF （5489KB）（76）       Knowledge map    Save Ejectors are employed for efficient mixing of gases and liquids, as well as for producing a substantial number of microbubbles. They are characterized by low equipment costs, high energy efficiency, and suitability for large-scale industrial applications. However, the current ejector techniques for microbubble production suffer from a wide distribution in bubble sizes. Moreover, the structural parameters and operational conditions of ejectors exert significant influence over microbubble size. The following patterns in microbubble size variation have been identified based on the factors mentioned above. It has been demonstrated that reducing the length and diameter of the mixing section, and increasing the angle and cross-sectional ratio of the diffusion section effectively decrease bubble size. However, the angle of the contraction section has a minor impact on bubble size. The narrowing of the range of gas bubble sizes can be achieved by a reduction in the gas flow rate and an increase in the liquid flow rate, with the bubble size exhibiting a linear relationship to the gas volume ratio. Utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations and particle image velocimetry (PIV) technology to investigate gas-liquid transfer mechanisms within the ejector, it is evident that efficient gas-liquid shear at the nozzle outlet of the suction chamber and within the mixing section is critical for microbubble formation, while the diffuser section is the site for bubble breakage and refinement. Furthermore, the application scenarios of microbubble production using ejectors are discussed, and future research directions are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of lithium extraction technology from lepidolite Hong YANG Wei ZHONG Faping ZHONG Jiahui ZHAO Dong LI Lei ZHANG Xueyi GUO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1251-1262.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224019 Abstract （338）   HTML （14）    PDF （1677KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium and its compounds are indispensable materials in modern industry and have important applications in the fields of batteries, ceramics and lubricants. China is rich in lithium resources, most of which occur in salt lake brine. However, due to the limitation of resource endowment and geographical location and climate, its production capacity cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of new energy industry in China, and lithium extraction from ores has become an important source of lithium products. Yichun, Jiangxi province has the largest associated lepidolite resources in China, and the development and utilization of lepidolite resources is of great significance to ensure the sustainable development of lithium resources in China. In this review, the principle, advantages and disadvantages of the existing lithium extraction processes from lepidolite are summarized. Based on the understanding of the existing methods, typical lithium extraction processes from lepidolite such as acid method, alkali method and salt method are summarized and evaluated. Among them, the acid method is mature, but there are some problems such as difficulty in impurity removal from leaching solution, low efficiency in lithium extraction and equipment corrosion. Although the alkali process has high efficiency of extracting lithium, its reaction mechanism is not clear, and the waste residue is difficult to use. Although the salt process has high selectivity to lithium and simple process, it also has the problems of high energy consumption and large amount of slag. The development direction of lepidolite extraction technology should focus on the collaborative treatment of multiple technologies to achieve efficient, economical and environmentally friendly extraction of valuable elements. Therefore, some measures to improve the process are put forward, aiming at providing reference for the future research, development, optimization and industrial application of the process. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on dissolution behavior of drugs based on the drug-excipient interaction Kunwang SONG Yewei DING Chen SHEN Haomin WU Yuanhui JI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1127-1136.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224021 Abstract （236）   HTML （20）    PDF （840KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save Pharmaceutical excipients, also known as "inactive ingredients", are other components in pharmaceutical preparations besides active ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients are an indispensable and important component in pharmaceutical preparations, and they can significantly affect the release performance of pharmaceutical preparations by forming drug excipient interactions, which is crucial for the effectiveness and safety of pharmaceutical preparations. The development of high-end preparations also puts higher requirements on excipients. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the mechanism by which excipients in high-end formulations affect the quality of drug formulations. Although the addition of excipients can enhance the release and bioavailability of active ingredients in drugs, improve and maintain drug stability, achieve controllable targeted release of drugs, and act as masking and sweeteners to improve drug bioavailability and patient adherence, more and more studies have shown that excipients can produce physiological activity and affect drug pharmacokinetics, causing adverse reactions such as allergies or intolerance. Large amounts of ingested excipients may also inhibit drug release by interacting with drugs. This review briefly describes the impact mechanisms of commonly used excipients on drug release from the perspective of drug excipient interactions, such as polymers and mesoporous silica. At the same time, it summarizes the research progress of excipient controlled drug release mechanisms based on mathematical models, molecular simulations, and machine learning methods based on drug excipient interactions, and proposes the development direction of future pharmaceutical excipient database establishment for high-throughput screening of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. Determine the optimal drug loading and excipient addition, and provide data support and theoretical guidance for selecting appropriate production processes. Related Articles | Metrics Select Recent advances of kinetic promoters for the formation of light hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide hydrates Xiaomei YANG Peng XIAO Changyu SUN Guangjin CHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1137-1148.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223332 Abstract （170）   HTML （5）    PDF （1331KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrate-based carbon sequestration in deep ocean is a highly promising way for carbon sequestration. The formation of carbon dioxide hydrate is the basis of hydrate-based carbon sequestration. However, the formation rate of gas hydrate is very slow without human intervention. Among the methods that intensify gas hydrate formation, the use of kinetic promoters has been proven to be the most effective one. Though the kinetic promoters have been extensively and deeply studied, they are mainly used for intensifying the formation of light hydrocarbons hydrates, which is the basis of hydrate-based industrial technologies, such as hydrate-based gas storage and gas separation. However, the kinetic promoters that is suitable for the formation of light hydrocarbons hydrates are not necessarily suitable for the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate. Therefore, in order to find out the most effective kinetic promoters to intensify the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate, it is necessary to distinguish the kinetic promoters of carbon dioxide hydrate from that of light hydrocarbon hydrates. Aiming at the intensification of the formation of carbon dioxide gas hydrate, the evolution and the current research status of kinetic promoters are reviewed. The effects of different kinetic promoters on the formation of the same gas hydrate, and the effects of the same kinetic promoter on the formation of above two kinds of gas hydrates are compared. The different effects of kinetic promoters on promoting light hydrocarbons hydrates and carbon dioxide hydrate are revealed. Based on the research status of the kinetic promoters, the study of the intensification mechanisms of the kinetic promoters on different gas hydrates, the establishment of the criteria for assessing the kinetic promoters, the enhancement of the removal of the formation heat of gas hydrates, and the further improvement on intensifying gas hydrate formation are proposed, to provide new methods for the practical application of hydrate-based carbon sequestration. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of microreactor technology in gas-liquid two-phase flow systems Xinran YE Zan WU Haiou WANG Jianren FAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (9): 1001-1015.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224035 Abstract （382）   HTML （23）    PDF （3984KB）（221）       Knowledge map    Save Microreactors possess advantages such as high heat and mass transfer efficiency, strict control of reaction parameters, ease of scale-up, and good safety performance, and hold promises for enabling and accelerating the discovery of flow chemistry towards highly efficient and more sustainable chemical synthesis. Gas-liquid multiphase catalytic reaction is commonly encountered in chemical production process, where the reaction stream enters the microfluidic channel in a continuous flow and undergoes rapid reaction. The combination of microreactor technology and gas-liquid multiphase catalytic reaction facilitates the development of efficient and sustainable chemical production techniques. Gas-liquid multiphase catalytic microreactors can be classified as wall-coated or filled-bed microreactors based on catalyst fixation approaches. By optimizing the geometric structure design of the microreactor, it is possible to further reduce the reaction time, minimize the material retention and suppress the occurrence of undesirable reactions, thus improving the microreactor performance. However, the optimization of microreactor structure requires a comprehensive understanding of various physics including the flow characteristics of gas-liquid fluids, the mass transfer mechanism and reaction kinetics within the microreactor. Both the flow pattern and mass transfer of multiphase fluids in microreactors will affect the reactor performance. Investigating the gas-liquid system in microreactors promotes improved design of practical devices. This review mainly summarizes typical gas-liquid microreactor examples, and hope to provide inspiration and guidance for the design, fabrication, and application of microreactors. The review is organized as follows, first, the features of microreactor technology are introduced and the optimization strategies for microreactor structures are presented, which is followed by a detailed discussion on the flow patterns, mass transfer characteristics and bubble breakup dynamics in gas-liquid multiphase systems within microreactors. Then, examples of multiphase catalytic microreactors in applications (mainly focusing on wall-coated microreactors and filled-bed microreactors) and their limitations are introduced. Finally, the research trends and application prospects in gas-liquid multiphase microreactors are envisaged. Related Articles | Metrics Select Main advances in preparation technology of zirconia hollow microspheres Baoqiang LI Huacheng JIN Fei DING Chun WANG Fangli YUAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (6): 627-635.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223297 Abstract （250）   HTML （10）    PDF （1939KB）（164）       Knowledge map    Save Zirconia hollow microspheres have attracted more attention because of their excellent performance, which combines the advantages of the properties of zirconia and hollow structural materials, such as low thermal conductivity, ablation resistance, and chemical corrosion resistance. Zirconia hollow microspheres is an important feedstock for preparing thermal barrier coatings. The thermal barrier coating prepared by zirconia hollow microspheres has the characteristic of excellent insulation and corrosion resistance. The performance of the coating is determined by the characteristics of the powder. The preparation of high quality zirconia hollow spherical powder has become a hot topic in the industry. In this work, the research status of the preparation technology of zirconia hollow spherical powder is analyzed, and the main preparation approaches are introduced, including templating, solvothermal, spray drying, and plasma sintering. In addition, the characteristic of these approaches is briefly summarized. Templating method contributes to obtaining hollow zirconia spheres with perfect morphology. However, some problems such as difficulty both in template synthesis and subsequent template removal, which can cause the material waste and damage to hollow particles. For solvothermal method, the reaction conditions are relatively harsh, and it also involves cumbersome process, such as separation, washing and drying process, which makes it difficult to batch preparation of hollow microspheres. The spray drying method is an effective approach for batch preparation of hollow microspheres. However, the hollow microspheres prepared by spray drying possesses have low strength and become easy to be damaged during application. Importantly, it is considered that the hollow microspheres prepared by spray drying combined with plasma sintering process have the advantages of high sphericity, good fluidity, and controllable particle size distribution, which are more conductive to preparation of coatings. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on the mechanism and influencing factors of microorganisms to increase coalbed methane production Na ZHANG Xuefeng YIN Zichen WANG Hao LIU Minjie HUANG Hao WANG Dongxu LIANG Jianan HU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (6): 636-646.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223310 Abstract （254）   HTML （10）    PDF （1144KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Save Microbially enhanced coalbed methane (MECBM) is an innovative technology for the extraction and utilisation of coalbed methane (CBM), which involves the microbial degradation and conversion of certain organic components of coal into methane gas. MECBM has great potential and environmental characteristics, and offers the prospect of establishing a new type of energy system, which will hopefully lead to the development of a sustainable energy source, and will effectively alleviate the challenges posed by energy shortages and greenhouse gas emissions. However, widespread application of MECBM technology faces the obstacles of historically low natural CBM production and sub-optimal quality. In order to understand the production potential of coal biogenic methane and the factors controlling the process, with a view to advancing the direction of its research towards continuous progress and effectively increasing coalbed methane production. This review summarises the mechanism and influencing factors of microbial CBM production, providing a theoretical basis for microbial CBM production. Firstly, the background and current research status of microbial production of CBM are reviewed. Subsequently, the basic theory and reaction process of coal biogenic methane production are summarised, showing that acidification of methoxy plays a decisive role in the process of coal biogenic methane production. Then, the environmental and biological factors affecting microbial enhancement of coalbed methane production are summarised, including the temperature of the coalbed, inoculum amount, nutrient addition, and pretreatment method. These factors have a significant impact on microbial CBM production, and optimising natural gas production conditions can not only increase CBM production but also significantly improve the methane concentration in CBM. In conclusion, microbial enhanced CBM technology has great potential and is expected to provide new solutions to the problems of energy shortage and greenhouse gas emissions by optimising production conditions and improving the viability and adaptability of microorganisms. Finally, this study outlines the current challenges and areas for further research in biogenic CBM development, providing a theoretical basis for increasing on-site production and enhancing CBM development. Related Articles | Metrics Select Advances in wet particle size-grading technologies and precise grading of aluminum hydroxide Jianqing Pi Mingli WANG Ruyi YANG Haidong ZHANG Xiaona REN Qingshan HUANG Ping LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (6): 647-659.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223331 Abstract （192）   HTML （8）    PDF （4811KB）（139）       Knowledge map    Save With the booming development of the electrolytic aluminum industry, both modern large-scale prebaked aluminum reduction cells and dry purification technology require sandy alumina as the production raw material. However, domestic alumina enterprises mainly produce intermediate or "quasi-sand" alumina, and the particle size changes periodically. The product quality differs significantly from the world's advanced level, mainly due to differences in raw materials and substandard aluminum hydroxide particle screening technologies in the prior art. Therefore, it is urgent to develop a high-precision and high-efficiency wet particle classification device for aluminum hydroxide to produce high-quality sandy alumina with large and narrow particle size distribution (+80 μm≥90%, -45 μm<8%). The commonly employed and large-scale application of wet particle size-grading technologies in domestic and foreign countries are first reviewed. The performance of hydraulic classification, wet screening, and some new coupling classification technologies are analyzed. Then, a new particle grading method of fluidization followed by screening for precise grading of aluminum hydroxide particles is proposed by combining hydraulic classification and sieve screening. Finally, a small-scale grading device (3.3 m3/h) capable of achieving large-scale continuous production is developed and passed the verification of on-site production siding in the production enterprise. This new type of precise particle classification technology is not only expected to realize energy conservation and emission reduction, transformation and upgrading, reduction of production costs, and significant economic benefits in the alumina industry but also promote the rapid development of mineral processing and fine powder industries, having some important and practical application and promotion values. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress in preparation of silicon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries by radio-frequency induction thermal plasma Zongxian YANG Yuanjiang DONG Chang LIU Huacheng JIN Fei DING Baoqiang LI Liuyang BAI Fangli YUAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (5): 501-513.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223230 Abstract （311）   HTML （16）    PDF （7425KB）（171）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the next-generation anode materials with the most promising application prospects, silicon anode benefits from a high theoretical specific capacity, a sufficient working potential, abundant and inexpensive sources, environmental friendliness, safety, and dependability. However, Si will experience significant volume variations throughout the lithiation and delithiation processes. This will result in significant internal stress, which will cause issues including material pulverization, repetitive growth of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), and electrode failure. Through the utilization of nano-silicon-based anode materials, it is possible to effectively mitigate the volume impact, enhance both conductivity and stability. The utilization of radio-frequency (RF) induction thermal plasma offers several notable benefits, including elevated temperatures, rapid cooling, precise control, and uninterrupted operation. Thermal plasma has the ability to provide particles a unique growth environment and process that is helpful in the creation of products with special morphologies, such as zero-dimensional nanospheres and one-dimensional nanowires. Additionally, the extremely high temperatures can totally evaporate raw materials, guarantee uniformity of product, and be advantageous for doping second-phase materials. Consequently, it serves as a significant method for the production of nano-silicon-based anodes with a controllable morphology and structure, as well as high purity and excellent dispersibility. This work provides a review of the scientific advancements pertaining to silicon-based anode materials for lithium-ion batteries that are fabricated using RF thermal plasma. To commence, a concise introduction is provided for the thermal plasma technology. Then, this work focuses on the synthesis of various essential materials using thermal plasma, including silicon nanospheres (Si NSs), silicon nanowires (Si NWs), silicon monoxide nanowires (SiO NWs), silicon monoxide nanonetworks (SiO NNs), high-silicon silicon suboxide nanowires (SiOx NWs), silicon-based ferrosilicon alloy nanospheres (Si/FeSi2 NPs). Furthermore, the work emphasizes the applications of these materials in the anode electrode of lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the development of thermal plasma technology is prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Key technologies and advances of positron emission particle tracking Kun LI Liyun WU Ping CHEN Yan HAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (4): 381-390.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223266 Abstract （400）   HTML （17）    PDF （2513KB）（226）       Knowledge map    Save Measuring multiphase flow parameters and the understanding of multiphase flow mechanisms are of great importance value for the design, operation, and optimization of industrial process devices. Due to the inherent multiscale nature of multiphase flow, its flow field often has great complexity, which makes our understanding of its flow process relatively limited. There are still many key issues that need to be explored in the mechanism of multiphase flow. Positron emission particle tracing (PEPT) is a new undisturbed and non-destructive imaging method for complex multiphase flows in industrial processes. γ photon detection is used to perform 3D dynamic imaging of radioactive labeled tracer particles. Due to γ photons have high penetration and are not affected by electromagnetic fields, making PEPT a unique advantage in detecting non-transparent and complex industrial multiphase flows. Currently, it is mainly used for measuring multiphase flow phenomena and extracting system physical parameters in industrial fields such as chemical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. However, the difficulties in preparing miniaturized tracer particles and the poor localization effect of multiple tracer particles at the same time seriously hinder the further application and promotion of PEPT technology. In this work, basic principles of PEPT technology are firstly briefly introduced, then the key technologies and research progress of PEPT are discussed from the aspects of tracer particles, algorithms, hardware systems and data processing in applications. The existing problems and potential development directions are pointed out. Finally, the development and application of PEPT is summarized and prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on preparation of magnetic activated carbon and its application in water treatment Qianyu WANG Yuming ZHANG Yanbin CUI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 259-272.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223228 Abstract （376）   HTML （21）    PDF （2257KB）（268）       Knowledge map    Save Activated carbon (AC) has the characteristics of high specific surface area, porosity, abundant surface functional groups and chemical stability, and these advantages make it a widely used adsorbent in water treatment. After being exhausted (saturated adsorption contaminants), the spent AC needs to be separated from aquatic systems and regenerated which is conductive to materials recycling. However, it is difficult to efficiently separate the powder AC saturated adsorption contaminants from aquatic systems by traditional separation methods (gravitational sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, and flotation), and the disadvantages for these methods root in many aspects including time-consuming, high-cost, and low separation efficiency. These limit the wide application of activated carbon in the field of water treatment to some extent. Magnetic modification treatment on AC can provide a magnetic activated carbon (MAC) which possesses better performances reflecting in higher adsorption capacity, and can be easier, rapid and efficient separation through external magnetic fields. At the same time, MAC has good catalytic activity, which is useful for enhancing the capability of advanced oxidation process to efficiently degrade organic pollutants in aquatic systems. Therefore, MAC has broad application prospects in the field of water treatment. This work mainly introduces the preparation methods (co-precipitation method, thermochemical method, and mechanical milling method), microstructure and physicochemical properties (specific surface area, pore structure, magnetism, crystal and chemical structure, surface charge) of MAC. The research progress of MAC in wastewater treatment in recent years is reviewed, consisting of organic pollutant removal, heavy metal removal and other applications. The adsorption characteristics (adsorption isotherms and adsorption dynamics) and corresponding influencing factors (adsorption temperature, solution pH, and coexisting ions) are summarized in details. And the regeneration methods of AC are investigated comprehensively. In the end, the development and prospect of the application of MAC in water treatment are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research status and prospect of flash boiling spray Jian GAO Run HONG Wenlong DONG Nian XU Huaqiang CHU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 273-283.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223157 Abstract （358）   HTML （11）    PDF （1493KB）（189）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid boiling that occurs when high-temperature fuel is injected into a low-pressure environment is called flash boiling, reasonable use of flash boiling phenomenon can effectively improve the atomization effect of fuel spray and improve engine efficiency. The research on the flash boiling phenomenon can be traced back to more than 60 years ago. With the development of the research on the flash boiling spray, the focus of the spray-related research has gradually shifted to the spray collapse. The related theories of flash boiling spray are summarized in this review, and some visualization techniques commonly used in the observation of flash boiling spray are briefly introduced. The influence of different fuel characteristics on the flash-boiling spray is illustrated by comparing different fuel characteristics. The characteristics of flash boiling spray of multi-component fuel are summarized. The superheat index which can be used to measure the flash boiling spray of multi-component fuel are introduced. The collapse mechanism of non-flash boiling spray and flash boiling spray and the influencing factors of spray collapse are studied by comparing the research status of non-flash boiling spray and flash boiling spray. It is generally considered that the collapse mechanism of non-flash-boiling spray is jet-induced collapse, and flash-boiling spray seriously affects the experimental observation because of too many droplets. Therefore, the understanding of the collapse mechanism of the flash boiling spray is numerous but not certain. In addition, according to the above summary, several feasible research directions are put forward for the spray research: effect of different fuel properties on flash boiling spray, study of parameters to measure the degree of superheat of multi-component fuels, the study on the collapse mechanism of the flash-boiling spray and the study on the suppression of the collapse of the flash-boiling spray. Related Articles | Metrics Select Recent progress of heterogeneous catalysts towards selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO under oxygen-rich conditions Yaqi LIU Yan LIU Ke WU Liwen XING Dianxing LIAN Mohaoyang CHEN Jianjun JI Yongjun JI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 284-296.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223136 Abstract （357）   HTML （9）    PDF （3784KB）（241）       Knowledge map    Save Nitrogen oxides (NOx), as one of the predominant atmospheric pollutants mainly derived from automobile exhaust and industrial waste gas, have played the role of an inevitable precursor that led to acid rain, photochemical smog, and other environmental contamination issues. In addition to atmospheric pollution, the growing emissions of NOx pollutants also give rise to a serious threat to agricultural production and human health. Thus, it is of urgent need to develop feasible NOx abatement strategies. Selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO (CO-SCR) is a very promising denitrification technology that can simultaneously remove harmful gases of NO and CO, making it one of the most ideal solutions for flue gas treatment. To promote its industrial applications, CO-SCR should have a low operating temperature ranging from 150℃ to 250℃ and superior resistance to oxygen poison. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop efficient CO-SCR catalysts used under oxygen-rich conditions for abating severe environmental pollution problems. This work provides a comprehensive review of the research progress and latest research findings of CO-SCR under oxygen-containing conditions. The research advances of Pd, Ir, Rh, Mn, and Co-based heterogeneous catalysts were introduced, and the effects of active components, promoters, and supports on the catalytic performance of CO-SCR are described in detail. In this section, the preparation method, doping modification, and reaction conditions are analyzed. Meanwhile, the impact of O2, H2O, and SO2 on the catalytic activity of CO-SCR is discussed, in which the inhibition mechanism of O2 is summarized. Finally, the challenges and future developments of CO-SCR under oxygen-rich conditions are summarized and the corresponding coping solutions are proposed. We hope this review can provide an in-depth understanding and useful guidance for the rational design of efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the CO-SCR reaction in practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress in the preparation of porous biomass carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors Xuemin ZHANG Guanyu HE Shaoqi YIN Tingting HUANG Jinping LI Jian ZHENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 127-138.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223036 Abstract （505）   HTML （42）    PDF （1013KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save The biomass carbon material is a kind of green and renewable energy material. Its efficient utilization is of great significance for the sustainable development of the energy environment and the green and low-carbon transition of energy. Biomass carbon materials are widely used in energy storage and conversion, catalysis, adsorption, and many other fields due to their porous nature, abundant functional groups, large specific surface area, excellent electrochemical performance, low cost, and renewable. However, the properties of biomass carbon materials are not only closely related to the microstructure, but also the heteroatom doping has an important impact on the structure and electrochemical properties of biomass carbon materials. The accurate structure regulation of biomass carbon materials is an effective way to improve their electrochemical performance. In this work, the preparation methods of biomass carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors are comprehensively reviewed, and the relationship between the structure and properties of porous carbon materials is discussed. On this basis, the influence mechanism and rules of different conditions, and different preparation processes (such as material selection, material treatment, and activation mode) on the structure characteristics of biomass carbon materials are analyzed. In this review, the mechanism and rules of the influence of the structure characteristics on the electrochemical properties of porous biomass carbon materials are described in detail, and the preparation process and performance regulation of porous biomass carbon materials need to be perfected and improved. Finally, the main development directions of preparation technology and electrochemical properties of porous biomass carbon materials in the future are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics Select A review on current status and carbon accounting of recycling and reusing of spent power batteries Zhiying LAI Wenbin LAI Chuyuan LIN Lingjun HE Hui LIN Fuyu XIAO Qingrong QIAN Jixiang ZHANG Qinghua CHEN Lingxing ZENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 139-150.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223195 Abstract （449）   HTML （13）    PDF （3821KB）（264）       Knowledge map    Save The booming development of the new energy vehicle industry has ed a significant rise in the amount of end-of-life power batteries, which in turn generates a huge amount of solid waste. Reuse of retired power batteries through laddering utilization and recycling can not only realize the resourceful reuse of valuable metals but also reduce carbon emissions and production costs. As an important part of developing the circular economy and promoting the intensive use of resources, the recycling and the resource utilization of power batteries are of great significance to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy and the promotion of the construction of ecological civilization. Currently, a substantial body of literature and information pertaining to retired batteries has been extensively disseminated across the pertinent domains. Consequently, it is imperative to consolidate the pivotal insights within the industry to furnish industry professionals with a comprehensive point of reference. Overall, based on the current situation of the industry, the main purpose of this review is to discuss the environmental and economic impacts of the different recycling and reusing methods for retired batteries from the perspectives of the recycling process. By analyzing the current situation of recycling and summarizing the progress of research, an accounting method for carbon emissions from decommissioned power batteries is proposed, and then it is pointed out the necessity and feasibility of recycling. The aim of this review is to provide new insights into building waste-free cities and achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality target. It is hoped that the battery recycling industry will be able to realize healthy and orderly development in the future under the macro-control of the country, combined with efficient and eco-friendly retired battery recycling technology and relevant standards and norms. Related Articles | Metrics Select Progress on resource utilization and second utilization of chloride removal products from Friedel's salt precipitation method Yun GU Peng CHU Dongdong GE Shouqiang HUANG Min JIANG Hongying LÜ Wenxin ZHANG Yangyang LÜ Yang LÜ Yaheng ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 151-161.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223122 Abstract （513）   HTML （15）    PDF （1474KB）（322）       Knowledge map    Save The high concentration of Cl- in wastewater can seriously corrode industrial equipment, and also pollute the water environment. A series of technologies for removing Cl- from wastewater have been reported, such as membrane separation, concentration, evaporation crystallization, chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, electrolysis, oxidation, and solvent extraction. Among them, chemical precipitation has significant advantages in equipment investment and operability, Friedel's salt precipitation method of Cl- removal has been intensively studied because of the wide source and low price of raw materials, compared with other methods using silver, copper, or bismuth. After the Cl- removal, a large quantity of chemical sludge is produced, which mainly contains Friedel's salt (3CaO?Al2O3?CaCl2?10H2O), katoite [Ca3Al2(OH)12], and calcium hydroxide, etc. Due to the complex components and the tight binding of Cl- in the interlayer spacing of Friedel's salt, the resultant sludge is difficult to recycle. To promote the application of Friedel's salt precipitation method, it is very important to utilize its Cl- removal products, especially Friedel's salt, as a resource. Based on the introduction of the compositional and structural characteristics of Friedel's salt, this work highlights the advantages of Friedel's salt precipitation method, which cannot only remove Cl-, but also obtain Friedel's salt, by comparing other preparation methods. According to the aluminum and calcium components of Friedel's salt and its layered bimetallic hydroxide structure, effective resource utilization can be carried out, including the removal of various heavy metal cations (i.e., Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+) and oxygenated anion complexes [i.e., Sb(OH)6-, AsO43-, SeO42-, and CrO42-], and the preparation of polyaluminum chloride coagulants and as sludge dewatering regulators, etc. These uses have broad application prospects, providing reference and exploration direction for the further development of Friedel's salt precipitation method. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on multi-objective comprehensive evaluation of urban wastewater treatment processes Han CUI Yuting WANG Huajie LI Di ZHANG Longyi LÜ Zhijun REN Zhi SUN Pengfei WANG Xiaoyang LIU Li SUN Guangming ZHANG Wenfang GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 1-16.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223037 Abstract （236）   HTML （10）    PDF （4095KB）（192）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of the wastewater treatment industry, various treatment technologies emerge in endlessly, which have largely solved the pollution problem and caused environmental impacts. In order to select more efficient wastewater treatment technologies, various evaluation methods have been applied in the wastewater treatment industry under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. This review summarizes the current research situation of environmental and economic impact evaluation which are widely used in urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and proposes the "5E" assessment system based on the existing research. At present, the assessment system mainly focuses on the environmental impact assessment based on life cycle assessment, focusing on the impact of eutrophication potential, global warming potential, and energy consumption on traditional and unconventional wastewater treatment technologies in WWTP. Economic evaluation is mainly divided into cost and benefit evaluation. Through the analysis of cost and profit in economic evaluation, the energy cost is very important in each treatment process, where the recovery and utilization of biogas can effectively improve the profit. In addition, carbon footprint assessment and organic contaminants toxicity evaluation have gradually become the research hotspot. In each part of this article, the evaluation of technology in wastewater treatment process is mentioned. At last, the "5E" assessment system (i. e., comprehensive environmental impact assessment, economic evaluation, carbon footprint evaluation, organic contaminants toxicity evaluation, and technology evaluation) is proposed to effectively solve the multi-objective comprehensive assessment problem of the urban WWTP. This research can support the sustainable development of the wastewater treatment industry and the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization targets. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research process of multivesicular liposomes Xing FAN Hua YUE Xiaojun WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (10): 1371-1380.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222431 Abstract （467）   HTML （16）    PDF （2032KB）（259）       Knowledge map    Save Since 1983, multivesicular liposomes (MVLs), as a member of the liposome family, have been of interest in the biomaterials and medical fields. MVLs have multiple aqueous compartments separated by phospholipid bilayers and an internal aqueous phase of up to 90%. They also have the advantages of reducing the number of injections, extending the duration of drug action, and improving patient compliance. So far, most of the MVLs reported in the literature are above 10 μm in size and have made good progress mainly in the encapsulation of analgesic drugs. This review provides an overview of the preparation methods, characterization methods, and drug release mechanisms of MVLs that have been reported in the literature in the last decade. There are relatively several methods for preparing MVLs, including the double emulsification method, spray atomization technique, and electroforming method. Currently, the main characterization methods used for MVLs are optical/fluorescent confocal imaging, scanning electron microscopy imaging, determination of particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, and determination of zeta potential. Because of the large volume of the internal aqueous phase of MVLs and the high hydrophilic drug encapsulation rate of the internal vesicles, the individual vesicles gradually rupture and the hydrophilic drug gradually gets released during in vitro release, with a three-phase release pattern of sustained release. This review also summarizes the current status of clinical studies and types of commercialized products. At present, the application of MVLs regarding analgesics has reached stages II-IV, and three commercialized formulations have entered the clinic with satisfactory results. Moreover, this review summarizes the current progress in applied research, mainly in the delivery of anticancer drugs, analgesic drugs, and protein peptides. Last but not least, the challenge and prospects regarding small-sized MVLs, diverse biomedical applications, and scale-up strategies are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of flotation activator for complex copper oxide minerals Haoxiang WANG Peilun SHEN Jinpeng CAI Xiaodong JIA Rong PENG Dianwen LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (10): 1381-1389.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222336 Abstract （302）   HTML （12）    PDF （5380KB）（175）       Knowledge map    Save Copper is widely used in industry because of its excellent physical and chemical properties.At present, with the depletion of copper sulfide resources, the development and utilization of copper oxide resources has gradually become the focus of research. As an important source of copper metal extraction, the key to efficient recovery of copper oxide ore is the activation process. However, the existing copper oxide resources have the characteristics of high oxidation rate, complex mineral composition and easy sludge, which makes the beneficiation more difficult. The classical sulfidization-xanthate flotation method can't meet the current requirements of complex copper oxide ore resource separation. In addition, the mechanism of activator acting on mineral surface and the unclear explanation of crystal structure of activated products restrict the development of the theory and method of copper oxide ore separation to some extent. In recent years, a variety of new activators or combination activators have been reported in reference for the complex and difficult-to-beneficiated copper oxide resources. Scholars have made a deeper research and elaboration on the activation mechanism of copper oxide ore based on the existing activation theory, and put forward a variety of effective and practical new theories and methods, which have solved the problem of complex copper oxide ore beneficiation to some extent. In this review, by combing the development of activator for copper oxide ore in recent years, the application and activation mechanism of new activator and new activation method are summarized, aiming at enriching the theoretical system of efficient flotation of copper oxide ore and providing reference for production practice. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of lithium polysulfide capture in lithium-sulfur batteries Tingting HU Haijian LIU Yunyi CHEN Lingli LIU Chun'ai DAI Yongsheng HAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (9): 1231-1243.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222413 Abstract （415）   HTML （26）    PDF （6063KB）（386）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-sulfur battery has an ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g) and theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh/kg), which is far higher than commercial secondary batteries. In addition, the sulfur element is rich in the earth, and its price is cheap, the extraction process is environmentally friendly. Therefore, a lithium-sulfur battery is considered as an ideal energy storage unit for the future energy storage system. However, the lithium polysulfide intermediates generated in the charging and discharging process are easily soluble in the electrolyte, resulting in a loss of active materials and an increase in the electrolyte viscosity. In addition, the dissolved lithium polysulfide is inclined to migrate between positive and negative electrodes, and reacts with the lithium negative electrode, causing irreversible loss of active substance sulfur, greatly reducing the battery life and safety. This phenomenon is called the shuttle effect, which hinders the commercialization process of lithium-sulfur batteries. In recent years, researchers have attempted to solve this problem through physical adsorption, chemical action, and external field constraint, and achieved impressive progress. This work summarizes the research progress of capturing lithium polysulfide, and compares the characteristics of each approach and its impact on the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. Whether it is the physical constraint of the porous structure of carbon materials, the chemical interaction between the carrier materials and lithium polysulfide, or the adsorption of electric and magnetic fields on lithium polysulfide, lithium polysulfide is fixed on the positive side and to inhibit its dissolution and diffusion to the negative electrode. Capturing lithium polysulfide by external magnetic field, internal magnetic field induced by magnetic particles, and internal electric field generated by spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric materials is also highlighted. Finally, the challenges in capturing lithium polysulfide and the possible solution are prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of core monomer separation and purification technology for bio-based materials Kun WANG Xiuling JI Kun LIN Yuhong HUANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1137-1149.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222314 Abstract （431）   HTML （13）    PDF （2738KB）（195）       Knowledge map    Save The production of petrochemical-based materials consumes large amounts of non-renewable resources and cause a certain degree of pollution to the environment. The performance of bio-based materials produced by renewable resources can be comparable to that of petrochemical based materials, which is in line with the development concept of green, low-carbon and environmental protection, and provides strong technical support for the realization of the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. In recent years, with the domestic and international policies tilted to the bio-based materials industry, bio-based materials have become a new material for domestic and international development, providing a good opportunity for the development of bio-based materials industry. The core monomer of bio-based materials produced by biological method has the advantages of mild production conditions, low price, and green environmental protection. But the complex composition within the fermentation broth as well as the low concentration of monomers and the difficulty of separation have seriously restricted the development of the whole industry of bio-based materials. The production of bio-based materials requires high-purity monomers, and a small amount of impurities affect the appearance and performance of bio-based materials. The existing research and application of separation of core monomers of bio-based materials has developed the process of obtaining high purity separation and purification of core monomers of bio-based materials by taking full advantage of chemical separation technology. This review briefly introduces the current status of the production of bio-based materials, reviews the research progress of several widely used separation and purification technologies for core monomers of bio-based materials in recent years, analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of current separation technologies. Finally providing an outlook on the development trend of separation and purification technologies for core monomers of bio-based materials. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on depression mechanism of chitosan and its derivatives during flotation Pengpeng ZHANG Cheng YANG Hongming LONG Xiangpeng GAO Mingyang LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1150-1160.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222217 Abstract （261）   HTML （5）    PDF （4306KB）（142）       Knowledge map    Save As one of the most effective methods for low-grade ore separation, flotation has the advantages of obvious sorting effect on fine-grained ores and high separation efficiency. It is crucial to use reasonable and eco-friendly depressants in order to improve the flotation separation effect. As a new type of organic depressant, chitosan is widely used in mineral flotation due to its outstanding physical and chemical properties, environmental protection and easy preparation. Many chitosan derivatives also have excellent depression capabilities. In this work, the research progress of chitosan and its derivatives in flotation experiments of various minerals in recent years is reviewed. Firstly, the main adsorption methods of chitosan and its various novel derivatives as flotation depressants on mineral surfaces are introduced. Then, the depression mechanism and the main factors affecting the depression effect are summarized. Discussion and potential future research directions of chitosan derivatives depressants are also included. Although the research on chitosan and its derivative depressants is becoming more and more mature, the main depression mechanism is still not detailed enough. With the advancement of various detection methods, how to improve the depression effect and further clarify the related groups and main depression mechanisms will be a major focus of future research on chitosan derivatives depressants. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of metal-organic framework material modified MFC air cathode to improve the electric performance Jinrong LU Linde REN Hua LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1161-1172.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222339 Abstract （218）   HTML （5）    PDF （29624KB）（64）       Knowledge map    Save Microbial fuel cell (MFC), a new type of clean energy production equipment, can generate electricity while decomposing organic matter in wastewater. Facing the emergence of energy crisis, the reasonably designed MFC equipment can alleviate the current energy crisis, the generation of this new energy is green and sustainable. The conversion rate of energy is an important factor that affect the wide application of MFC, so improving the power production performance of MFC has attracted a lot of attention from scholars. Air-cathode MFC is an MFC configuration that uses oxygen as an electron acceptor to complete current transfer, that is the most promising type of MFC, but it is also accompanied by the problem of low activity of cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Precious metal catalysts have never been able to meet the needs of practical applications, and cost-effective metal-organic framework (MOF) materials have been studied as ORR catalysts for many years. Therefore, MOF materials suitable for MFC air-cathode can be prepared as cathode catalysts to improve their power production performance through rational design. This work reviews the recent research progress of MOF and its derivatives as catalysts for modifying MFC air-cathode to improve their electricity production performance. The principles of MFC and the natural advantages of MOF materials as ORR electrocatalysts are introduced, and the latest applications of three types of materials, namely, simple MOF, MOF composites, and MOF derivatives, as MFC air-cathode catalysts are highlighted, leading to a variety of different research directions of MOF and its derivatives as MFC air-cathode catalysts. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of MOF and its derivatives in modifying MFC air-cathode to improve their power production performance are elucidated. The intention is to summarize the shortcomings exposed by MOF in modifying MFC air-cathode and provide new research ideas for the future application of MOF materials in MFC cathodes in order to promote the practical application of MFC. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on desulfurization technology for blast furnace gas Xindong WANG Tingyu ZHU Yuran LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 1003-1012.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222334 Abstract （429）   HTML （18）    PDF （1011KB）（235）       Knowledge map    Save The desulfurization technology for blast furnace gas as a source of emission reduction technology is of great significance to promoting ultra-low emission for the whole process in the iron-steel industry. The sulfur-containing components in the blast furnace gas are mainly organic sulfur, coexisting with other complex components. This work discusses the emission limits of sulfur-containing components in various occurrence forms (SO2, H2S, and S), and analyzes their transformation relationship through the mass balance of sulfur. The bottleneck of desulfurization technology for blast furnace gas is to remove the carbonyl sulfur (COS). The aluminum-based catalyst and carbon-based catalyst used for COS catalytic hydrolysis are analyzed in detail, in which γ-Al2O3 is both a carrier and an active component, and activated carbon has the functions of catalyst and adsorbent. The effect mechanism of the complex components O2, and Cl- on the deactivation of hydrolysis catalyst is further elucidated due to the formation of deposition products. For the gaseous H2S formed after the COS hydrolysis, the two kinds of wet removal technology, mainly including the chemical absorption method and catalytic oxidation method, are compared in the reaction mechanism, desulfurizer and product. The difference among the zinc oxide, iron oxide, and activated carbon adsorbent used in the dry removal technology is also concretely elaborated in the reaction mechanism, sulfur capacity, and temperature adaptability. In view of the integrated adsorption of organic sulfur and inorganic sulfur, molecular sieve adsorbent is briefly described in the selective adsorption principle and regeneration process. The "hydrolysis+wet", "hydrolysis+dry", and integrated removal processes have been explored and applied currently, which are preliminarily evaluated. Finally, it is pointed out that the research and development of desulfurization technology focus on how to improve the activity of the hydrolysis catalyst and reduce the influence of complex components in blast furnace gas on catalyst activity and improve the applicability of the technology. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of coalbed methane combustion deoxidation technology Feiqiong ZHANG Xuefeng YIN Jianan HU Wei HE Jing WANG Pengfei DAI Zichen WANG Na ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 1013-1023.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222299 Abstract （222）   HTML （4）    PDF （790KB）（85）       Knowledge map    Save Coal bed methane (CBM) is a kind of unconventional natural gas energy that is mostly made of methane and is held as an adsorbed substance in coal seams. It has received a lot of attention both domestically and internationally due to its benefits of plentiful reserves and clean combustion. China has the third largest CBM deposits in the world, and the exploitation of CBM is expanding due to the increased interest in CBM in recent years, although the utilization rate is consistently low. The fundamental cause is a lack of effective low-concentration CBM utilization, where oxygen is essential to limiting safe CBM utilization. Deoxygenation is a requirement for safe utilization since low-concentration coalbed methane poses an explosion danger due to the presence of oxygen. This work introduces the basic principle and characteristics of combustion deoxidation, including the coke combustion method, catalytic combustion method, and chemical looping combustion method, with emphasis on carbon material, catalyst, oxygen carrier analysis of the current research status. In particular, the new technology of chemical looping combustion is discussed and analyzed. The findings demonstrate that the coke combustion process has a better deoxidation effect but has the shortcoming of high deoxidation temperature (650~1000℃), the key of current research is to improve the performance of carbon material and effectively control the reaction temperature. Methane will be consumed during catalytic combustion deoxidation, and the catalyst is easily poisoned and rendered inactive, the key to this technique is to investigate and develop a powerful catalyst, and this technique is not suitable for treating low-concentration CBM deoxidation. For the chemical looping combustion deoxidation method, the oxygen carrier material is inexpensive and simple to get, the reaction temperature is low, and this method can retain the maximum amount of methane. The thorough comparison reveals that deoxygenating low-concentration coalbed methane is more effectively accomplished using the chemical looping combustion approach. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress in modification of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries Miaomiao LI Xiangyun QIU Yanxin YIN Tao ZHANG Zuoqiang DAI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 799-813.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222296 Abstract （776）   HTML （110）    PDF （47402KB）（553）       Knowledge map    Save Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as the major candidate technologies for large-scale energy storage applications due to the rich abundance of Na sources, low cost and safety. And the development of cathode materials also determines the final performances and commercialization. Layered oxide cathode materials have the advantages of high specific capacity, simple structure and good stability. It is one of the most promising sodium cathode materials at present. However, such materials are still faced with irreversible changes in the electrochemical process, unstable storage in air and poor interface stability, which seriously restricts the development of commercialization of SIBs. In order to solve these problems of materials, researchers modified and optimized them. Accordingly, the modification measures of ion doping, surface coating, nanostructure design and P/O mixing and other related modification measures of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials, which provides a basis for the modification research of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials are reviewed in this review. Besides, the future development trend of layered oxides is prospected. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on liquid bridge fracture in field of micro-nano technology Zhaofei ZHU Yalong CHU Xianming GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 814-825.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222287 Abstract （410）   HTML （16）    PDF （4290KB）（443）       Knowledge map    Save Affected by the scale effect, the morphological characteristics of liquid bridges at the microscale determine the changes in liquid bridge forces that are area-related. Liquid bridge forces have an important impact on the formation and fracture of liquid bridges. The liquid bridge fracture mechanism based on liquid bridge morphology is the theoretical basis of biology, chemistry, materials, micro-nano technology, and many other research fields. At present, the study of liquid bridge fracture is an interdisciplinary discipline involving mathematics, fluid mechanics, interface chemistry, materials science, and other disciplines, however there is few review of the research progress focusing on liquid bridge fracture based on liquid bridge morphology. This review mainly summarizes the fracture theoretical models and experimental methods of axisymmetric liquid bridges, non-axisymmetric liquid bridges, and non-Newtonian liquid bridges. It mainly introduces the weak nonlinear behavior of the fluid generated during the tensile and rupture of the liquid bridge under equilibrium or steady state caused by the forced hydraulic bridge. The influences of key factors such as liquid volume, viscosity, surface tension, wettability, roughness of the solid surface, fracture speed, and liquid bridge morphology on the fracture location or liquid distribution rate of the liquid bridge are systematically described. The experimental methods for quantitatively studying the use of different key parameters affecting liquid bridge fracture are analyzed. The structural characteristics of different experimental apparatus and their advantages and disadvantages are compared and discussed. Furthermore, the innovative and high-value research direction of the research is summarized and proposed, which may be used in future research. Finally, the research frontier trends of liquid bridge fracture in the field of micro-nano technology prospected, and it is pointed out that the future research focused on issues including a more comprehensive hydraulic bridge fracture model, the fracture mechanism, and multi-parameter control method of the liquid bridge. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research status and prospect of key installations and flow characteristics of pneumatic conveying Jiawei ZHOU Xiangyu YAN Zebing ZHENG Qinghui WANG Linjian SHANGGUAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (5): 649-661.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222192 Abstract （420）   HTML （1075）    PDF （3837KB）（189）       Knowledge map    Save Pneumatic conveying has the characteristics of environmentally friendly, operational safety, spatial intensification, flexible configuration, and easy to automate. In addition, this bulk material handling method also has the advantages of quantitative conveying, conveniently dispersing or centralized conveying, and inert gas protection conveying for unstable materials. The aforementioned characteristics pneumatic conveying to a commonly clean conveying technology for bulk materials. At the same time, pneumatic conveying has been widely applied in chemical, food, pharmaceutical, energy industries, and other fields. However, this method also has a few problems, such as high energy consumption, particle degradation, and pipe erosion. The fundamental cause of the disadvantages lies in the complex conveying process, transient state of particle conveying, and difficulty in accurate prediction. Therefore, the multi-means characterization and prediction of material conveying characteristics in different conveying processes have always been the hot points of this technology. It is well known that the equipment composition is the foundation of pneumatic conveying system performance. In addition, the feeding device is one of the most important factors for conveying processes. In this meaning, this work first summarized the structure of the pneumatic conveying system and the structural characteristics of commonly used feeding devices. Then, this work reviews the application and research of the numerical simulation methods including the two-fluid model in the computational fluid dynamics and the coupling simulation of the computational fluid dynamic discrete element method (CFD-DEM). The application conditions, merits, and demerits of the common numerical method are discussed. What is more, the research and application status of measuring devices commonly used in pneumatic conveying are summarized, including electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), pressure determination, and acoustic emission. Meanwhile, the study mainly focuses on flow pattern evolution and pressure loss in the conveying system, as well as some interesting study points of pneumatic conveying, which are well explored. Finally, several thinking points for future research on this technology are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research review in regulating interfacial interaction on MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation Lili GONG Ju BAI Can WANG Wei LAI Linglong SHAN Shuangjiang LUO Zhichang LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 489-500.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223054 Abstract （678）   HTML （31）    PDF （7406KB）（619）       Knowledge map    Save Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have attracted substantial attention for gas separation, combining the advantages of organic polymers and inorganic fillers, which are expected to solve the Trade-off effect. Metal organic frameworks (MOF), as a kind of innovative filler, provided promising development opportunities for MMMs, thanks to high surface area and porosity, adjustable pores, and low density, etc. These unique physical and chemical properties promoted the application in gas adsorption, separation, and storage. MOF is regarded as good compatibility with the polymer matrix because the organic linkers in MOF are more similar to the organic chain of the polymer compared with traditional inorganic materials (molecular sieve or metal oxide, etc.). Gas separation performance is improved by incorporating MOF into the polymer matrix, which is expected to balance the Trade-off effect. However, the separation performance of MMMs is not simply the sum of the two phases and is far below the predicted theoretical value by the material simulation in most cases. One of the key reasons for these non-ideal morphologies resulting from poor interfacial compatibility, including the non-selective interfacial voids, polymer rigidified, and pore blockage, which reduce the separation performance of MMMs. Therefore, good interfacial compatibility plays a key role in MMMs. Constructing effective interface interactions is a feasible strategy to improve interface compatibility. Thus, in this review, a comprehensive overview of the main technical challenges in developing MOF-based MMMs and a detailed description of the interface issues are provided. And constructing different interface interactions, including hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, coordination bonds and others, has been expounded through various methods and strategies in the last five years. Finally, it aims to summarize the positive effects on the properties of MMMs through effective and strong interface interactions, guiding the future development of MOF-based MMMs. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on molding process of catalysts for fixed bed reactor Shanshan LIU Qida DING Tao GUO Yaofeng WANG Baohua XU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 501-511.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222088 Abstract （629）   HTML （24）    PDF （1464KB）（366）       Knowledge map    Save The progresses obtained in the catalytic technology are driven by the social demands, such as environment, energy, chemicals, and fuels. The ultimate goal is to increase the process efficiency for scale-up. The molding catalysts are usually multicomponent material of millimetre-size consisting of the active phases, supports, and various molding additives suitable for commercial applications. Different from the powder catalysts, the molding catalysts should not only possess the catalytic activity of the powder catalyst but also consider the use of binder, lubricant, acid and pore-forming agent to satisfy the required mechanical strength and chemical stability to ensure that they can run smoothly and have a long life in industrial reactors. In addition, the shape and size of the molding catalysts affect the catalytic performance by affecting the flow state of the materials inside the reactor. Therefore, the molding process is complex and full of challenges. This review introduces the influence of molding conditions on both the mechanical and the catalytic properties at the fixed bed. Specifically, the effects of the types and amounts of additives, the addition sequence, the calcination conditions, the pulp ratio, and the shape and size of molding catalysts are focused. Weibull modulus can be used to measure the reliability of mechanical strength of brittle materials, and further judge and predict the reliability of catalyst strength value. In addition, this review also introduces the application of Weibull distribution in the reliability judgment and prediction of catalyst strength value, and the progress of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in assisting catalyst morphology design. The potential of Weibull distribution and CFD in future applications of molding catalyst are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics Select Current application and development of microneedle Sibo ZHAO Yiru BAO Min XIE The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (2): 163-172.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222114 Abstract （953）   HTML （179）    PDF （2905KB）（396）       Knowledge map    Save Microneedles are micrometer sized single needles or needle arrays that are produced by microfabricating techniques. Microneedles could penetrate the stratum corneum layer of the skin to reach the dermal layer which is favorable for percutaneous drug delivery. Microneedles have a number of advantages in drug delivery, compared with oral administration, microneedles circumvent the metabolic effects of the digestive system on drugs, compared with injection needles, microneedles are able to reduce pain and improve adherence compliance in patients. Due to their special transdermal pathway and precise, convenient application methods, microneedle has also become a hot studies area in biomedicine at present and their applications in vaccination, tissue fluid extraction and biomarker detection, etc. have been well investigated. According to working mechanisms for percutaneous drug delivery, microneedles can be classified as five kinds, including solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel microneedles. This review, combined with relevant articles in the field of microneedle technology in recent years, provides a brief overview of the types and fabricating materials of microneedles, mainly introduces the current applications of microneedles in the field of drug delivery (such as insulin injection for diabetes treatment, local drug delivery for cancer treatment, vaccination, tissue fluid extraction and biomarker detection, etc.) Besides, if the microneedles would be widely applied in the marker for medical application, some factors including mechanic strength, biological safety, sterilization process and biological stability of biomolecules on the micrneedles should be well considered which are also discussed in the review. At last, outlooks on microneedles' future development are prospected, such as developing microneedles based drug delivery system for heart attack treatment, improving biological stability of the biological molecules on the microneedles for convenient vaccination, and combining of microneedles with other techniques, such as sensitive biomarker detection method, microfluidic chip and wearable device, which will open a new prospect for the development of microneedles techniques. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on sodium storage mechanism and performance of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries Cheng HAN Shaojie WU Chaoyang WU Mingyang LI Hongming LONG Xiangpeng GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (2): 173-187.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222083 Abstract （809）   HTML （20）    PDF （1833KB）（314）       Knowledge map    Save The massive use of fossil fuels is bound to cause irreversible damage to the global ecological environment. New energy sources such as solar, wind, and tidal have the advantages of being clean, non-hazardous, and renewable, and can be used to replace fossil fuels to alleviate the environmental crisis. The development and utilization of green energy have led to the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies to store clean and renewable energy in the grid. Lithium-ion batteries, one of the most successful secondary ion batteries in energy storage, have been used in various electronic products, but expensive and scarce raw material resources limit their applications in the field of large-scale energy storage equipment. Therefore, the search for inexpensive secondary ion batteries with excellent performance is one of the hot research topics nowadays. As a new type of secondary ion battery, sodium-ion battery not only has a similar working principle as a lithium-ion battery but also features low cost, high resource abundance, and high reversible capacity. The extensive exploration by researchers is expected to make it a successful alternative to lithium-ion batteries for commercial production. This work mainly reviews the progress of the research on the performance of sodium-ion battery anode materials, firstly, the three mechanisms of sodium storage in the anode materials, namely the intercalation reaction, alloying reaction, and conversion reaction, are analyzed and summarized according to the different ways of sodium ion storage in the anode materials. Then, according to the performance of sodium-ion battery anode materials, three common modifications of anode materials are summarized: structural modification, elemental doping, and material compounding, and the electrochemical properties of anode materials before and after modification are compared. Then, the research status and problems faced by several key anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, such as carbon-based materials, titanium-based materials, alloy-based materials, conversion-based materials, and organic materials, are highlighted. Finally, the research directions of sodium-ion battery anode materials are prospected based on the actual production and industrial applications. Related Articles | Metrics Select Exploitation and utilization of fluorite and its strategic significance Danxian ZHANG Jianhua KANG Hongjun HUANG Wenxia ZHU Ruolin WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 1-14.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221373 Abstract （445）   HTML （6）    PDF （1444KB）（238）       Knowledge map    Save Fluorite, as an important non-renewable non-metallic strategic mineral resource, has been valued by many countries. With the rapid development of science and technology and the national economy, its economic value and strategic position are increasingly prominent. In recent years, the fluorine chemical industry chain has been deepening, and the demand for fluorite resources has increased sharply. Due to the limited reserves of fluorite resources, uneven distribution of resources, trade protectionism, and anti-globalization forces, the global fluorine chemical industry is highly concentrated and highly monopolized. And there are great differences in the economic development, clean and efficient utilization of fluorite resources, and intensive processing technology in different countries and regions, which have a serious impact on the supply and demand of fluorite products and consumption patterns, and intensify the contradiction between fluorite resource reserves and the development of fluorite industry. In this review, the resource reserve, main industrial structure, the consumption structure of supply and demand, and clean utilization technology aspects in detail elaborated on the economic status and the strategic significance of fluorite resources. It is proposed to ensure the global strategic layout of fluorite resources by strengthening the reorganization of fluorite resources, clean and efficient utilization, deep processing technology and equipment research and development, high-end product manufacturing, etc. To further promote the development of the fluorite industry towards the direction of fine, complex, lightweight, environmental protection and energy-saving, recycling economy fluorite chemical products application field and high-tech industry application research and development, ensure the reserve and supply of fluorite resources, achieve the optimal allocation of global fluorite resources and the healthy and sustainable development of fluorite industry. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume Xin DONG Yinuo LIU Chen YE Jianwei ZHANG Ying FENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 15-24.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222021 Abstract （470）   HTML （2）    PDF （1035KB）（259）       Knowledge map    Save Bubble plume is a complex gas-liquid two-phase flow, which is widely used in industrial fields such as wastewater treatment, petroleum processing, environmental protection. The complex flow characteristics of bubble plume are very important for gas-liquid mass, momentum transfer and its industrial application. In this work, the flow characteristics of bubble plume in theoretical and experimental research are analyzed and summarized. The effects of different operating and structural parameters on the hydraulic characteristics such as gas holdup, bubble size distribution, plume width and oscillation are discussed. The simulation methods of observing and capturing the flow characteristics of bubble plume are summarized. In addition, due to the wide application of bubble plume, it is also very important to measure the bubble velocity distribution quickly and accurately. With the rapid development of digital image recognition technology, the combination of high-speed camera and digital image recognition technology provides an effective, intuitive and accurate method for bubble plume velocity. The prediction models and empirical formulas of hydraulic parameters such as gas holdup and bubble diameter are summarized, and the different applicable conditions of the models and formulas are listed. In the practical application of bubble plume, the structural morphology and flow characteristics of bubble plume change due to the complexity of environmental fluid (such as transverse flow in environmental fluid and stratification due to density and temperature difference of environmental fluid). Therefore, the research progress of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume in complex environment fluid is presented. The variation of bubble plume flow pattern and the effect of plume destratification in stratified fluid are summarized. The migration behavior and motion of plume in transverse flow environment are analyzed. Finally, the limitations of research methods and theoretical methods of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume are discussed. The multi-scale research direction of bubble plume motion law is proposed in further. Related Articles | Metrics Select Application progress of coal petrology in coking coal blending and coal blending optimization technology Yan WANG Chengwei YANG Dongying YUAN Yuhong ZHANG Sijian QU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 25-37.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222343 Abstract （432）   HTML （2）    PDF （14196KB）（159）       Knowledge map    Save Scientific and reasonable coal blending technology was very important for the high-quality development of coking enterprises. The core of coking coal blending technology lied in the in-depth understanding of the coal quality characteristics of raw coal. The main factors affected the properties of coking coal include metamorphic degree, maceral composition and third genetic factor-fluorescence characteristics. Therefore, coal petrology was very important for the research and application of coking coal blending technology. This review discussed the development status of three coking coal blending technologies, such as experience coal blending, maceral coal blending and artificial intelligence coal blending, and summarized the overall development trend of coking coal blending technology. Combined with the author's research practice, the application status of coal petrological indexes in coking coal blending was mainly combed. While paying attention to the characteristics of maceral, it also took into account the characterization of coking coal by relevant parameters such as process indicators. In practical application, the selection and utilization of various index parameters need to comprehensively consider the parameter adaptation range and respect the true correspondence of coking coal. Based on the above content, the overall idea of associating geological factors and process indexes such as coal-forming age, producing area, caking index and gum layer index was put forward to realize the scientific and in-depth correlation between coke performance and raw coal characteristics, and to construct a new coal blending technology system of origin-process-result. By summarizing the key role of maceal in coking coal blending and its application status, the manuscript pointed out the development trend of typical coking coal blending technology, and put forward a new system of optimized coal blending technology based on maceral+fluidity, so as to establish a reliable evaluation system for coal blending and coking industry and better meet the market demand. Related Articles | Metrics Select Multiscale discrete particle simulation for iron and steel industry: progress and prospect Ji XU Wei GE Limin WANG Jinghai LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1308-1316.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222276 Abstract （413）   HTML （26）    PDF （5336KB）（231）       Knowledge map    Save To achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, the steel industry is currently facing an urgent need for transformation and upgrading. Due to the long development cycle and high cost of the experimental methods, simulation methods of high accuracy and high efficiency are playing an important role in realizing the intelligent and green technology of the steel industry. However, the applicable simulation toolkits are lacking due to the complexity and diversity of the iron-making and steel-making processes. This article introduces the possibility to realize a high-performance, more accurate multiscale discrete particle simulation method based on the consistency of the logic and structure between the problem, model, software, and hardware, namely the EMMS paradigm. Some preliminary applications on the optimization of apparatus structures and operating conditions in the steel industry are summarized, e.g., enhancing the iron ore raw material separation process by adding the permanent magnets, optimizing the structure of the inlet region of a sinter vertically arranged cooler for higher heat recovery efficiency, optimizing the operation of the rotating drum to enhance the throughput of dealing with the steel slag, and the operational optimization of the burden distribution in the blast furnace to reduce the coke consumption. These successful applications demonstrate that the multiscale discrete particle simulation method is becoming a powerful tool for the steel industry. Thus, the realization of the higher level tool for transformation and upgrading of the steel industry, namely virtual process engineering (VPE), is prospected, which requires integrating the multi-scale discrete particle simulation with online measurement, artificial intelligence (AI), interactive simulation, virtual reality (VR) and online control. Related Articles | Metrics page Page 1 of 2 Total 68 records First page Prev page Next page Last page