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Synthesis of Y2O3:Eu3+ Microrods by Hydrothermal Method and Their Fluorescent Properties SONG Jin-ling SUN Qian LIANG Jia-bao LI Xia CAI Ying ZHANG Yin    2010, 10 (5): 950-955.   Abstract （2030）      PDF （669KB）（1356）       Knowledge map    Save Y2O3 and Y2O3:Eu3+ were synthesized by hydrothermal method, and the factors affecting product crystalline structure examined, such as reaction temperature, reaction time and NaOH solution concentration. The results showed that the reaction conditions for better crystal formation were with the temperature of 180℃, reaction time of 24 h and NaOH concentration of 2 mol/L. Additionally, the influence of the molar ratio of Y3+ to Eu3+ on their fluorescence properties was studied. When the ratio of n(Y3+) to n(Eu3+) was 100 to 5, the fluorescence intensity of Y2O3:Eu3+ exhibited best. TEM analysis showed that the morphology of Y2O3:Eu3+ particles demonstrated mainly microrods with the diameters of 0.2~0.6 μm and lengths of several micrometers. Related Articles | Metrics

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Process Simulation and Techno-economic Analysis on Hydration and Hydrogenation Technology of Acrolein for 1,3-Propanediol Production ZENG Hong FANG Bai-shan QU Yin-di    2013, 13 (4): 626-632.   Abstract （1124）      PDF （274KB）（1086）       Knowledge map    Save Based on laboratory and pilot experiments of hydration and hydrogenation of acrolein for production of 1,3-propanediol (PDO), the Superpro Designer? emluator was applied to simulate the scale-up process for 10000 t/a PDO production, coupling with costing and economic evaluation on the flowsheet. Simulation results show that the process design is reasonable with main process data complying with experimental results. The economic analysis indicates that raw material cost shares 49% of operating cost, equipment purchase cost is about 22.42 million yuan and the total investment is of approximately 150.88 million yuan. The expected returns on investment reach 28.21% as the after-tax profit is about 42.56 million yuan annually. Related Articles | Metrics

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Thermal Decomposition of Glucose and Sucrose by Kinetics Analysis CHEN Ying-qin HE Han-bing LIU Chang LU Xiao-hua;    2010, 10 (4): 720-725.   Abstract （1868）      PDF （238KB）（2805）       Knowledge map    Save Thermal decomposition process of glucose and sucrose was studied by TG-DTA. The Kissinger, Friedman and non-linear regression methods were used to obtain the reaction decomposition mechanism and kinetic parameters. The results showed that the decomposition of glucose was much easier than that of sucrose. The orders of decomposition reaction for glucose in two stages were 2 and 1 respectively. However, for sucrose, the order of decomposition reaction in two stages was n and 1 respectively. Non-linear fitting of glucose and sucrose was given a complete thermal decomposition reaction pathways and kinetic parameters. The activation energy of glucose in three stages was respectively 132, 150 and 253 kJ/mol, and pre-exponential factor 11.6, 11.1 and 19.6 s-1, and activation energy of sucrose in two stages was 105 and 229 kJ/mol, and pre-exponential factor 8.2 and 18.6 s-1. Related Articles | Metrics

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Review of additives for electrolyte of sodium-ion battery Yuyue GUO Xiaoying ZHAI Ningbo ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1089-1101.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223104 Abstract （613）   HTML （33）    PDF （3494KB）（511）       Knowledge map    Save With the upsurge of the energy revolution, secondary battery as a new way of energy storage has been widely concerned owing to their efficient energy conversion. As we all know, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have high operating voltage and high energy density, they can be used in various application scenarios, such as electrical vehicles (EV), portable electronic devices, and large-scale energy storage systems. However, due to the shortage of lithium resources and rising prices of raw materials, many battery companies are observed to undergo cost pressure and bankruptcy risk. Given this, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) work similarly to lithium-ion batteries, but they have great advantages in terms of resource reserve, low cost, low temperature, rate performance, and safety, thus have received strong attention from researchers and engineers. In the sodium-ion battery system, it is also composed of the positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, separator, and other key components. The electrolyte, as the intermediate bridge connecting the positive and negative electrode material system, plays a vital role to undertake the transport of sodium ions, which mainly consists of organic solvent, sodium salt, and additives. The introduction of a small number of functional additives can significantly improve the overall performance of the battery because it constructs a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) between electrolyte and electrode. Different kinds of additives can exhibit specific properties to meet different conditions. This review focuses on the use of electrolyte additives, including unsaturated carbonates, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, silicon compounds, inorganic sodium salts, and other types of components. Meanwhile, the research progress and related mechanisms of this addition agent in the electrolyte of sodium-ion batteries in recent years were summarized as a reference for subsequent research. Finally, the future study of electrolyte additives prospects from the science idea and practical application, for example, density functional theory, AI for science, and in-situ analysis method for SIBs. Related Articles | Metrics

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pH Value Feedback Controlling of Carbon and Nitrogen Source Feeding in Lysine Fermentation TIAN Yuan ZHANG Yong SONG An-dong CONG Wei    2011, 11 (3): 492-496.   Abstract （1208）      PDF （217KB）（1194）       Knowledge map    Save pH value was used as an indicator to feedback control the feeding of glucose, ammonia and ammonium sulfate in lysine fed-batch fermentation. Fed-batch fermentation was operated under different concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources, such that mass consumption ratio of glucose, ammonia and ammonia sulfate reached 15.7:1:1.64. The mixed solution according to aforementioned ratio was mixed into fermentation broth so as to regulate the pH value, simultaneously achieving automatic refuel of carbon and nitrogen sources. The results showed that the fluctuation of glucose concentration was maintained between 8 and 16 g/L, and ammonium between 1.5 and 3.4 g/L by using pH feedback controlling method. Compared with intermittent feeding and constant substrate concentration feeding, this method resulted in an increase in the concentration of lysine by 3.6% and 17.2% respectively, in lysine productivity by 9.5% and 28.8% and in the conversion rate from glucose to lysine by 4.9% and 18.6%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Electrochemical Behavior of Mo and W Ions in Acidic Solutions LI Jin-hui XIE Fang-hao QIAO Shan YANG You-ming    2013, 13 (1): 73-77.   Abstract （965）      PDF （458KB）（976）       Knowledge map    Save To increase the difference of electrochemical character of tungsten and molybdenum and separate them, molybdophosphate heteropoly acid and tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid solutions were prepared. Electrochemical behaviors of tungsten, molybdenum, molybdophosphate heteropoly acid and tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid in the acidic solution were studied, and some cyclic voltammetry diagrams were obtained. The results showed that the reduction potential of tungsten ion was higher than that of molybdenum ion, and the difference was less than 0.1 V, which means that tungsten could not be separated from molybdenum at this potential difference. Once tungsten and molybdenum reacted with phosphoric acid, the potential values of reduction peaks of molybdophosphate heteropoly acid and tungstophosphoric heteropoly acid were 0.401 and 0.1949 V, respectively, indicating that phosphoric acid increased the potential difference between tungsten and molybdenum. Related Articles | Metrics

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Impact of Heating Rate on Desorption Performance of CO2 Attached to 13X Zeolite Yalou GUO Hui ZHANG Yingshu LIU Ziling ZHAO Xuankai ZHANG Dong LI Chin. J. Process Eng.    2018, 18 (1): 88-95.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217229 Abstract （1113）      PDF （550KB）（836）       Knowledge map    Save Temperature programmed desorption (TDP) was used to investigate the impact of heating rate on desorption performance of CO2 attached to 13X zeolite. Based on the Polanyi?Wigner equation, the desorption activation energy Ed under different heating rates was calculated without any assumed conditions. The results showed that two desorption peaks on TPD curve were produced while heating 13X molecular sieve full of CO2 at room temperature, one was located at low temperature, called as low-temperature peak, the other was at high temperature, called as high-temperature peak. Ed changed with ?. The low-temperature peak related to the desorption activation energy Ed,L decreased logarithmically with respect to increasing ?, while Ed,H remained the same, and the value of Ed,L was smaller than that of Ed,H. So Ed calculated without assumptions were more reasonable and accurate than the value calculated by variable heating rate method. For the same adsorption capacity, desorption capacity of CO2 called Qd,L at low temperature increased gradually with the growth of ?, while Qd,H at high temperature decreased, and Qd,L was far greater than Qd,H. The different acting force of physisorption and chemisorption was the key factor that resulted in a difference between high-temperature peak and low-temperature peak on adsorption mechanism. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation process of high-quality LiPF 6 crystals Yongfeng ZHAO Haitao ZHANG Chin. J. Process Eng.    2018, 18 (6): 1160-1166.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217428 Abstract （1096）      PDF （815KB）（838）       Knowledge map    Save Much more attentions are being devoted to high performance energy storage and conversion devices to conquer global warming issue and energy crisis. Lithium-ion battery, the most promsing device, is composed of anode, cathode, separator and electrolyte. Note should be highlighted that the performance of battery is determinded by electrolyte, espcially the safety issue. The demand of lithium-ion batteries and their electrolytes is growing rapidly with the rapid development of new energy vehicles recently. Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) crystal is a white crystal with trigonal crystallographic structure. It is the key electrolyte material for Li-ion batteries. LiPF6 is combustible, corrosive and of poor thermal stability. Therefore, some toxic and corrosive precursors are employed, and their synthesis is required to be conducted within an anhydrous and anaerobic environment. Furthermore, many high temperature and low temperature treatments are involved in the synthetic procedure. Therefore, it is a huge challenge to produce high-purity LiPF6 crystals with an electronic grade in an industrial-scale. Fortunately, some industrial processes have been developed successfully by domestic enterprises even there is still some room for improving them. Here, the synthetic methods of LiPF6 and the domestic large-scale production processes are reviewed with the hope of providing some knowledge for future upgrade of the industrialized LiPF6 processes and a guideline for developing new synthetic routes. This review will concentrate on the development and intrinsic correlation among market demand of lithium-ion battery, role of electrolyte in lithium-ion battery, LiPF6 industrialized production procedures, and planned incremental capacity. In addition, the perspectives of potential electrolyte are summarized on basis of the progress of high-capacity and high-voltage electrode materials. There is no doubt that the future emphasis should be paid to the optimization of process, true demand of market, novel lithium salt, fluoridized solvents, and green techniques. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Effects of Ca2+ and Al3+ on the Polymerization of Silicic Acid without Na+ SHEN Xing-mei LI Liao-sha WU Xing-rong ZHU Jian-hua AI Jin Chin. J. Process Eng.    2016, 16 (3): 477-481.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215403 Abstract （1082）      PDF （235KB）（859）       Knowledge map    Save To eliminate the effect of Na+ on the polymerization of silicic acid, silicic acid without any metal ions was prepared by acid hydrolysis of water-quenched calcium sillicate. After adding Ca2+, pH value of silicic acid slightly decreased, while it significantly decreased after adding Al3+. The polymerization rate of silicic acid is accelerated by Al3+ at initial pH≤2, but reduced at initial pH>2. As for Ca2+, it had no obvious effect on polymerization of silicic acid. After gelation, Al?O?Si bond was formed in the silica gel, which hindered dehydration of bound water. The crystallization process was hindered by Ca2+, and the amount of bound water decreased. The chemical formulas of silica gels with no ions, Ca2+ and Al3+ are SiO2×0.52H2O, SiO2×0.36H2O, SiO2×1.50H2O, respectively. Related Articles | Metrics

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Kinetics on Chlorination Process of La2O3 and CeO2 by Ammonium Chloride SHI Wen-zhong;ZHANG Xin;ZHAO Yong-he;WANG Jing-yan;ZHU Guo-cai    2005, 5 (1): 23-28.   Abstract （2752）      PDF （101KB）（2122）       Knowledge map    Save Using ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) as a chlorinating agent, the effects of chlorinating temperature, time and NH4Cl dosage on chlorination of La2O3 and CeO2, and the thermal decomposition of LaCl3 7H2O and CeCl3 7H2O were examined. The results show that NH4Cl directly participates the chlorination reaction, and HCl from pyrolysis of NH4Cl also contributes to the chlorination reaction. CeCl3 and LaCl3 can cause gas phase hydrosols formation or oxidation reaction which generates LaOCl, CeOCl and CeO2. The apparent activation energies of La2O3 and CeO2 chlorination reactions, Ea, are 43.73 and 140.67 kJ/mol respectively. The process is mainly controlled by the interfacial chemical reaction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Solubility and Reaction Crystallization of Ursolic Acid in Ethanol-Water System TNAG Feng-xiang ZHU Zhong-min ZHENG Lei GUO Zhong-li GUO Yang-hao    2011, 11 (3): 386-390.   Abstract （2227）      PDF （391KB）（835）       Knowledge map    Save The solubility of ursolic acid in ethanol-water system was measured in the pH value range of 7~10 and ethanol concentration range of 60%~90%(w) under room temperatures (20 and 30℃) using a dynamic method. It was found that increasing pH value and ethanol concentration resulted in the enhancement of solubility. The ursolic acid solubility increased sharply with pH value only at higher pH range (9~10), and just in this pH range, the increase of ethanol concentration could significantly raise the solubility. Ursolic acid solubility was more sensitive to pH value than ethanol concentration at room temperatures and hence reaction crystallization by adding acid was suitable to ursolic acid recovery. Based on the variation trend of solubility with pH value and ethanol concentration, empirical equations were used to correlate the relationship between solubility and pH and ethanol concentration with a high relative coefficient of 0.998. In addition, the reaction crystallization metastable zones of ursolic acid in ethanol-water system were determined using laser monitoring technique. The metastable zone width (DpH) decreased, then increased with increasing saturation concentration of ursolic acid and seemed to increase with the increase of temperature. When 80% ursolic acid from loquat leaves was dissolved in 90%(w) ethanol-water at pH 10, a bench-scale reaction crystallization process was carried out at appropriate acid concentration and acid-adding rate, and 98% ursolic acid was obtained with a overall yield of 78%. The ursolic acid crystals were rod-like and white glossy particles. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in modification of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries Miaomiao LI Xiangyun QIU Yanxin YIN Tao ZHANG Zuoqiang DAI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 799-813.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222296 Abstract （321）   HTML （90）    PDF （47402KB）（336）       Knowledge map    Save Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as the major candidate technologies for large-scale energy storage applications due to the rich abundance of Na sources, low cost and safety. And the development of cathode materials also determines the final performances and commercialization. Layered oxide cathode materials have the advantages of high specific capacity, simple structure and good stability. It is one of the most promising sodium cathode materials at present. However, such materials are still faced with irreversible changes in the electrochemical process, unstable storage in air and poor interface stability, which seriously restricts the development of commercialization of SIBs. In order to solve these problems of materials, researchers modified and optimized them. Accordingly, the modification measures of ion doping, surface coating, nanostructure design and P/O mixing and other related modification measures of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials, which provides a basis for the modification research of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials are reviewed in this review. Besides, the future development trend of layered oxides is prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Extractive Distillation of Ethanol-Cyclohexane Azeotrope Using Ionic Liquid as Extractant WANG Xiao-ke TIAN Mi    2009, 9 (2): 269-273.   Abstract （1757）      PDF （202KB）（1127）       Knowledge map    Save The effect of different ionic liquids on relative volatility of ethanol-cyclohexane system was examined at 0.101 MPa. The effects of solvent ratio on relative volatility of ethanol-cyclohexane system, and flow rate of ionic liquid and reflux ratio on purity and output of overhead fraction of the extractive distillation column with ionic liquid were studied. Repeated experiments were carried out under the optimum experimental conditions. The results show that the azeotropic point of ethanol-cyclohexane system is eliminated in extractive distillation with ionic liquid and relative volatility of cyclohexane to ethanol increases. The purity of cyclohexane is over 99.8% when [bmim]PF6 is used as extractant, solvent ratio 0.5, flow rate of ionic liquid 6 mL/min and reflux ratio 3. By flash distillation of residue, ethanol and ionic liquid can be separated. The recovery rate of ethanol is over 99.9% and the recycled usage of ionic liquid does not impair the separation performance. Related Articles | Metrics

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Adsorption of Methyl Orange on Modified Activated Carbon LIU Jian ZHU Qiu-xiang TAN Xiong-wen YAN Ying ZHANG Hui-ping Chin. J. Process Eng.    2016, 16 (2): 222-227.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215334 Abstract （1449）      PDF （247KB）（1464）       Knowledge map    Save Activated carbon was modified by hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia and used as adsorbent to remove methyl orange (MO) from wastewater. The effects of modification condition, shaking speed and temperature on its adsorption performance of MO were examined. The adsorption data were simulated by both adsorption isotherm and kinetic models, and the adsorption thermodynamics was also analyzed. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of hydrochloric acid modified activated carbon for MO was better than that of ammonia modified one. The adsorption equilibrium was achieved with the removal rate of MO 93.7% within 24 h under the conditions of initial MO concentration of 60 mg/L, solution volume of 50 mL, temperature of 20℃ and shaking speed of 100 r/min. The adsorption data of hydrochloric acid modified activated carbon for MO fitted well to Langmuir (RC2>0.95) and Freundlich (RC2>0.97) adsorption isotherm models, and its saturated adsorption capacity reached up to 112.7 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters, such as DG0<0, and DH0>0, DS0>0, showed that the adsorption of MO on hydrochloric acid modified activated carbon was a spontaneous and endothermal reaction. The adsorption kinetics could be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption rate constant increased with the increase of shaking speed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Leaching Kinetics of Silver from Sintering Dust with Thiourea CHANG Jun ZHANG Er-dong ZHOU Jun-wen ZHANG Li-bo PENG Jin-hui REN Xiao-peng Chin. J. Process Eng.    2015, 15 (4): 567-573.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215177 Abstract （995）      PDF （290KB）（776）       Knowledge map    Save Using the sintering dust containing Ag from iron and steel metallurgical process as raw material, on the basis of phase analysis, an efficient leaching process of silver with thiourea from the dust was proposed. The effects of particle size, temperature, concentration of thiourea, leaching time and stirring speed on leaching rate of silver were examined. The results showed that silver leaching rate from water washed sintering dust could reach 90% under the conditions of ratio of liquid volume to solid mass 8 mL/g, 22 g/L thiourea and stirring speed at 400 r/min for 120 min. The leaching of silver conformed well to the shrinking core model with internal diffusion control. The apparent activation energy of silver reaction was calculated as 29.7 kJ/mol and the reaction order in acidic thiourea solution was approximately 1. Related Articles | Metrics

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Activation of Sepharose with Epichlorohydrin in Water-free System for Preparation of High Capacity Immobilized Metal Ion Affinity Adsorbent ZHANG Song-ping DING Rui; SU Zhi-guo WANG Ping;    2010, 10 (5): 971-975.   Abstract （1558）      PDF （258KB）（1140）       Knowledge map    Save Epoxy activation of agarose gel Sepharose 6 FF by epichlorohydrin (ECH) was carried out in a water-free medium with dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent. The activated agarose gel was subsequently coupled with iminodiacetic acid and Cu2+ ions for preparation of immobilized metal ions affinity chromatographic (IMAC) adsorbent. The results indicated that the epoxy activation efficiency was significantly enhanced in the water-free system, such that a epoxy density of agarose gels as high as 165 mmol/mL was achieved at the optimized conditions of 40%(j) ECH, 0.02 g/mL NaOH, 50℃ and 4 h, which is about 50% higher than the highest value reported so far. The prepared IMAC adsorbent showed a high chelating capacity for Cu2+ ion up to 128.3 mol/mL, thus it ensured a high equilibrium adsorption capacity of 2.05 mmol/L for bovine serum albumin, and 90% of the adsorbed protein could be efficiently eluted when 0.5 mol/L imidazole was used as elute. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress of the Study on Bacillus thuringiensis as Biopesticides ZHU Wei;ZHAO Bing;WANG Xiao-dong;WANG Yu-chun    2004, 4 (3): 282-288.   Abstract （2619）      PDF （93KB）（2255）       Knowledge map    Save Bacillus thuringiensis is one of the most effective and the most widely used microbial insecticides at present. The genetic bacterial strains, the fermentation process and the formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis as biopesticides are reviewed in this paper. The optimization of culture medium, operating conditions and type of fermentors are also addressed. Moreover, the existing problems and suggestions are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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CO2 methanation: recent advances in catalyst development and reaction mechanistic study Junbo TIAN Fangna GU Fabing SU Zhanguo ZHANG Guangwen XU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (3): 375-395.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222027 Abstract （652）   HTML （28）    PDF （12772KB）（349）       Knowledge map    Save Choosing a suitable approach for CO2 utilization is crucial to achieving carbon neutrality and carbon peak goals as early as possible. Synthesis of synthetic natural gas (SNG) by methanation of CO2 using hydrogen produced from renewable energy is widely regarded as an efficient and promising carbon capture and utilization technology, which is expected to realize carbon recycling. Considering the importance of CO2 methanation, we provide a systematic review of the latest studies. Firstly, the effect of different reaction conditions on CO2 methanation is introduced from the perspective of thermodynamics. Secondly, the research progress of CO2 methanation catalysts is reviewed from four aspects: active metal, support, preparation method, and assistive technology. In detail, the active components are classified into cheap metal-based (Ni, Fe, Co, and Mo) and noble metal-based (Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) materials, and the supports are divided into the conventional oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, and CeO2) and the supports with novel structures (e.g., metal-organic frameworks and carbon-based materials), which are all discussed and evaluated in depth. The preparation methods of catalyst are classified as the conventional ones (such as impregnation, coprecipitation, hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-phase synthesis) and unconventional ones. The latter includes three technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, and plasma, which can speed up the synthesis and reaction process and facilitate the high dispersion of the active components on the supports. Subsequently, two reaction mechanisms in CO2 methanation (the formate and CO pathways) are discussed. The specific reaction pathway for CO2 methanation is related to the properties of the catalyst surface (e.g., hydroxyl abundance, adsorbed O2- sites) and the reaction conditions (e.g., reaction temperature and pressure). Finally, current research challenges are put forward, and the prospects for future research in this area are made. Related Articles | Metrics

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Characteristics of Water Quenched Copper-containing Slag and Separation of Iron and Silicon from It ZHAO Kai CHENG Xiang-li QI Yuan-hong ZHEN Chang-liang SHI Xue-feng    2012, 12 (1): 38-43.   Abstract （1032）      PDF （492KB）（748）       Knowledge map    Save A mineralogical study of water quenched copper-containing slag was carried out with XRD, SEM, chemical analysis, etc. Fayalite is the major phase and copper exists in matte in the slag. The slag is amorphous, and its structure compact. The matte phase is not fully crystallized, its particle size is below 5 mm, iron and silicon exist mainly in fayalite, beneficiating method can not separate Fe and Si effectively. A new technology of rapid solid-phase reduction and high temperature smelting was proposed, and experiments were carried out. The experimental results show that the high copper and iron recovery rates can be achieved under the conditions of basity at 0.5, final smelting temperature of slag above 1300℃, smelting and separation temperature above 1350℃, and addition of additive, they are 93% and 87%, respectively. The iron and copper left in slag is less than 5% and 0.10% respectively. It means that the slag can be used as construction material, and the process can separate iron and copper, and the comprehensive utilization of copper slag can be achieved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in preparation and application of high-entropy oxides Houzheng XIANG Feng QUAN Wenchao LI Xiaolei LIU Aiqin MAO Haiyun YU Chin. J. Process Eng.    2020, 20 (3): 245-253.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.219228 Abstract （3048）      PDF （834KB）（986）       Knowledge map    Save As a new type of oxide system, high entropy oxides have broken the traditional design concept of doped oxide and are composed of five or more kinds of oxides in equal or nearly equal mole. Because of its simple structure and excellent performance, it has been widely concerned by researchers at home and abroad in recent years. High-entropy oxides tend to form solid solution structures such as rock-salt type, calcium fluoride type, spinel type or perovskite due to the disordered arrangement of multiple principal elements. Therefore, it shows various excellent performances, especially in energy storage materials and magnetic materials, which has a very broad application prospect. However, there are few research on high-entropy oxides, especially on the application of high-entropy oxides. This work first introduced the preparation methods of high-entropy oxides at home and abroad, mainly including solid state reaction method, pyrolysis method, co-precipitation method, hydro-thermal synthesis method and solution combustion synthesis method. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of each method were also discussed, and these offered a wide range of flexible approaches for different type of applications of high-entropy oxides. Then the applications of high-entropy oxides as Li-ion electrode materials, giant dielectric materials, magnetic materials and catalytic materials were summarized. At last, the problems of high-entropy oxides in the present research were pointed out, and the future developments were also prospected. This review had certain guiding significance for the expansion of the application of high-entropy oxides subjects in the future direction. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Large Size Agarose Beads by Microporous Membrane Emulsification Technique LIN Nan WU Jie ZHENG Guo-jun MA Guang-hui SU Zhi-guo    2009, 9 (5): 953-961.   Abstract （1540）      PDF （478KB）（964）       Knowledge map    Save With 6% agarose solution as water phase, composed by liquid paraffin (LP) and petroleum ether (PE) with different volumetric ratios as oil phase, and PO-5S as emulsifier, agarose beads with average size of 90 mm were prepared by membrane emulsification, and the effects of pore size of the shirasu porous glass (SPG) membranes, oil phase composition, temperature and pressure on the size and size distribution of prepared agarose beads were investigated. The optimal preparation conditions were: the pore size of used SPG membrane was 25.9 mm, oil phase composed by volumetric ratio of LP and PE 11:1 and the preparation temperature 65℃. The prepared agarose beads with good reproducibility had an average diameter of 93.3 mm, size distribution index, Rspan, 1.25 and relative standard deviation 1.34%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Synthesis of Nitrogen-doped Porous Carbon Material with Chitosan by Soft Template Method FENG Miao-na GAI Jian-nan ZHAO Guo-ying GAO Hong-ling ZHANG Suo-jiang Chin. J. Process Eng.    2015, 15 (3): 536-540.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215148 Abstract （1393）      PDF （486KB）（945）       Knowledge map    Save The porous carbon material was synthesized from amphiphilic copolymer pluronic F127 as soft template and protonated chitosan solution as raw material, and the effects of pH value of solution and carbonization temperature on its pore structure, specific surface area and CO2 adsorption capacity were examined. The result showed that the highest specific surface area of porous carbon material reached 457 cm2/g, its highest nitrogen content was 7.60%, and its highest surface nitrogen content 8.45% in the form of pyridine. Its highest CO2 adsorption capacity reached 80.8 mg/g, and the adsorption efficiency was up to 0.274 mg/cm3. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research Progress of Lithium Carbonate Preparation and Purification Process Chunlong ZHAO Zhi SUN Xiaohong ZHENG Wenfang GAO Yanling ZHANG Xiao LIN Chin. J. Process Eng.    2018, 18 (1): 20-28.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.217234 Abstract （1783）      PDF （1258KB）（731）       Knowledge map    Save With the extensive application of lithium-ion batteries and the rise of electric vehicle industrial in recent years, the demand of lithium is increase year by year. Lithium carbonate as one of the most important basic lithium salt, widely used in lithium-ion batteries, mainly used to synthesize lithium-ion battery cathode material. Currently, the preparation of high purity lithium carbonate is mainly through extracting lithium from lithium ore and salt lake brine, and then through purification process. The purification methods mainly including carbonization, custicization, electrolysis, lithium carbonate recrystallization and ion exchange, etc. However, there are many problems in the preparation and purification of lithium carbonate, such as deep separate lithium and sodium, preparation of high purity lithium carbonate etc. This paper reviews the preparation and purification ways of lithium carbonate, the exisiting problems and prospects for preparation and purification lithium carbonate are proposed. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in biosynthesis of diamine as core monomers of new nylon materials Kun LIN Zhuang LI Kun WANG Ying BI Xiuling JI Zhigang ZHANG Yuhong HUANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 958-971.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223147 Abstract （328）   HTML （15）    PDF （1140KB）（269）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of carbon neutrality, bio-diamine synthesis is an effective way to achieve the low-carbon production and sustainable development. Using synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, protein engineering strategies, we are able to design and construct efficient key enzymes and pathways for the biosynthesis of diamines. In this work, the progress of diamine synthesis is reviewed around two synthetic strategies: microbial de novo fermentation and whole-cell catalysis. The main diamines include 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine. The biosynthesis of butanediamine mainly includes ornithine decarboxylation and lysine decarboxylation pathways, and butanediamine is mainly produced by fermentation. However, the current yield of butanediamine is low and cannot meet the requirments of industrial production. The biosynthesis of pentanediamine depends on the decarbosylation of L-lysine, mainly by de novo fermentation and whole-cell catalysis. The whole-cell catalysis for pentanediamine is more efficient, which has been widely used in large-scale production with the maturity of the technology. Hexamethylenediamine is currently synthesized by constructing artificial pathways. In addition, to address the challenges encountered in the biosynthesis of diamines, such as many by-products, poor strain activity, low yield, difficult separation, and purification, we proposed methods to improve the biosynthesis of diamines by combining metabolic engineering and protein engineering to optimize key enzyme catalysis, exploring the mechanism of cell damage caused by diamine accumulation, enhancing the specificity and activity of enzyme catalysis to improve production intensity, and optimizing the fermentation system to simplify the subsequent separation and purification steps. Finally, we foresee the future direction and development prospect of diamine biosynthesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Photocatalytic Degradation of Methyl Orange with Titanium Dioxide Thin Films WU Zheng-huang    2002, 2 (2): 0-0.   Abstract （1501）      PDF （99KB）（1012）       Knowledge map    Save The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange under UV-ray with titanium dioxide thin films was investigated in this work. The effects of substrate, air bubbling flow, adding Fe3+ and H2O2 in methyl orange solution were examined. Fairly good coating conditions for the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange in aqueous solution were suggested. Related Articles | Metrics

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Physico-chemical Properties of [1ChCl:2EG]/CrCl36H2O Deep Eutectic Solvents ZHANG Xian-jie ZHANG Zhi LI Jian HUA Yi-xin XU Cun-ying LI Yan Chin. J. Process Eng.    2016, 16 (4): 615-621.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215425 Abstract （1158）      PDF （789KB）（722）       Knowledge map    Save The melting points, density, surface tension, viscosity and conductivity of [1ChCl:2EG]/CrCl3?6H2O deep eutectic solvents (DESs) ionic liquids as a function of temperatures and concentration of CrCl3?6H2O had been studied, respectively. The results showed that [1ChCl:2EG]/CrCl3?6H2O DESs have the lowest melting points (211 K), indicating it has wider liquid range at low temperature. It shows a good linear relationship between the density and temperature, with the temperature increasing, the density increased slightly. The surface tension lower than water but higher than traditional organic solvent and increases with the concentration of the CrCl3?6H2O. As temperature increases from 293 K to 343 K, the viscosity of [1ChCl:2EG]/CrCl3?6H2O DESs decreases significantly, but the conductivity increases obviously, and the DESs have the minimum viscosity and the maximum conductivity at the concentration of 0.3 mol/L CrCl3?6H2O. The CrCl3?6H2O and [1ChCl:2EG]/(0.3 mol/L) CrCl3?6H2O DES were decomposed into CRO3 at 923 K, and could maintain stable performance below 383 K. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of ammonia adsorption materials Junli WANG Shaojuan ZENG Neng CHEN Dawei SHANG Xiangping ZHANG Jianwei LI Chin. J. Process Eng.    2019, 19 (1): 14-24.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.218171 Abstract （2026）      PDF （1034KB）（1080）       Knowledge map    Save Ammonia is a typical toxic pollutant and also one of the main causes of the formation of PM2.5. The emission of industrial tail gases containing a large amount of ammonia not only seriously affects the environment and health of human beings, but also results in serious waste of ammonia sources if directly discharged into the atmosphere. Because of their abundant pore structures and large specific surface areas, good adsorption characteristics and mechanical stability, porous materials have attracted a lot of attention in gas adsorption, especially in ammonia removal. Different porous materials can effectively absorb ammonia through the physical or chemical interaction between ammonia and their special pore structures or action sites. The adsorption method for ammonia removal has the several advantages, such as high selectivity, easy recovery and low energy consumption, so it is widely used in many industrial processes. In this review, the recent research status and progress of ammonia removal using different porous materials were reviewed, mainly focused on the research around the ammonia adsorption performances of zeolite, silica gel, activated carbon, graphene oxide, porous organic polymer, covalent organic frameworks (COFs), metal?organic frameworks (MOFs) materials before and after modification, and the research progress of supported ionic liquids materials for ammonia separation in recent years was also introduced. Ionic liquids, as a class of green medium, have several unique advantages for ammonia removal, such as low vapor pressure, high gas selectivity, high thermal stability, tunable structures and properties. Supported ionic liquids materials can combine the characteristics of both ionic liquids and porous materials, which can break the traditional restriction of ionic liquids in industrial applications and providing a novel pathway for ammonia removal applications. Finally, given the main problems of the current development on ammonia removal and recovery using porous materials, the future research directions and solutions had been put forward. Reference | Related Articles | Metrics

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Research review in regulating interfacial interaction on MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation Lili GONG Ju BAI Can WANG Wei LAI Linglong SHAN Shuangjiang LUO Zhichang LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 489-500.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223054 Abstract （281）   HTML （21）    PDF （7406KB）（252）       Knowledge map    Save Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have attracted substantial attention for gas separation, combining the advantages of organic polymers and inorganic fillers, which are expected to solve the Trade-off effect. Metal organic frameworks (MOF), as a kind of innovative filler, provided promising development opportunities for MMMs, thanks to high surface area and porosity, adjustable pores, and low density, etc. These unique physical and chemical properties promoted the application in gas adsorption, separation, and storage. MOF is regarded as good compatibility with the polymer matrix because the organic linkers in MOF are more similar to the organic chain of the polymer compared with traditional inorganic materials (molecular sieve or metal oxide, etc.). Gas separation performance is improved by incorporating MOF into the polymer matrix, which is expected to balance the Trade-off effect. However, the separation performance of MMMs is not simply the sum of the two phases and is far below the predicted theoretical value by the material simulation in most cases. One of the key reasons for these non-ideal morphologies resulting from poor interfacial compatibility, including the non-selective interfacial voids, polymer rigidified, and pore blockage, which reduce the separation performance of MMMs. Therefore, good interfacial compatibility plays a key role in MMMs. Constructing effective interface interactions is a feasible strategy to improve interface compatibility. Thus, in this review, a comprehensive overview of the main technical challenges in developing MOF-based MMMs and a detailed description of the interface issues are provided. And constructing different interface interactions, including hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, coordination bonds and others, has been expounded through various methods and strategies in the last five years. Finally, it aims to summarize the positive effects on the properties of MMMs through effective and strong interface interactions, guiding the future development of MOF-based MMMs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Knowledge on Particle Swarm: The Important Basis for Multi-scale Numerical Simulation of Multiphase Flows MAO Zai-sha    2008, 8 (4): 645-659.   Abstract （1655）      PDF （563KB）（1120）       Knowledge map    Save Numerical simulation of multiphase flows in processing equipment in process industry with two-fluid model and Eulerian-Lagrangian approach requires the constitutive equations describing the interactions between the dispersed phase of high concentration and the continuous phase. The status of research on the forces on solid and fluid particles and the topics remaining to be tackled are reviewed. As compared with the knowledge on drag of single solid particles, study on particle swarms and on other forces is not sufficient to meet the needs of numerical simulation of multiphase flows. Thus, thorough study on the particle swarms and clusters becomes the key to accurate multi-scale simulation of multiphase flows. Besides, the development of efficient algorithm dealing with the simultaneous non-uniformity on equipment and mesoscopic scales is recognized as an important issue to be resolved. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of Potassium Dichromate by Potassium Chromate Electrolytic and Crystallization GUO Ying-chao ZHANG Yong-qiang YU Zhi-hui WEI Guang-ye LI Yong-li Qu Jing-kui QI Tao Chin. J. Process Eng.    2016, 16 (4): 673-678.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.215394 Abstract （1610）      PDF （667KB）（882）       Knowledge map    Save The cationic membrane electrolysis of potassium chromate and potassium dichromate crystallization were studied. The effects of current density, temperature, KOH concentration and K2CrO4 concentration on electrolytic process were investigated. The purity and yield were studied under different concentrations and conversions of potassium dichromate solution. The effects of stirring rate, cooling rate and seeds adding on the particle size distribution and crystal morphology were researched. The results showed that, the optimum condition was current density of 0.25 A/cm2, electrolysis temperature of 80℃, KOH of 50 g/L and K2CrO4 of 400 g/L. The purity of crystal is not less than 99.8% when the conversion rate of K2Cr2O7 more than 90%. The optimize conditions of crystallization process were K2Cr2O7 initial concentration of 500 g/L, stirring speed of 300 r/min, cooling rate of 0.5℃/min, no seed adding. Product was completely in conformity to GB 28657-2012. Related Articles | Metrics