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Review of additives for electrolyte of sodium-ion battery Yuyue GUO Xiaoying ZHAI Ningbo ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1089-1101.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223104 Abstract （1389）   HTML （75）    PDF （3494KB）（1399）       Knowledge map    Save With the upsurge of the energy revolution, secondary battery as a new way of energy storage has been widely concerned owing to their efficient energy conversion. As we all know, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have high operating voltage and high energy density, they can be used in various application scenarios, such as electrical vehicles (EV), portable electronic devices, and large-scale energy storage systems. However, due to the shortage of lithium resources and rising prices of raw materials, many battery companies are observed to undergo cost pressure and bankruptcy risk. Given this, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) work similarly to lithium-ion batteries, but they have great advantages in terms of resource reserve, low cost, low temperature, rate performance, and safety, thus have received strong attention from researchers and engineers. In the sodium-ion battery system, it is also composed of the positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, separator, and other key components. The electrolyte, as the intermediate bridge connecting the positive and negative electrode material system, plays a vital role to undertake the transport of sodium ions, which mainly consists of organic solvent, sodium salt, and additives. The introduction of a small number of functional additives can significantly improve the overall performance of the battery because it constructs a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) between electrolyte and electrode. Different kinds of additives can exhibit specific properties to meet different conditions. This review focuses on the use of electrolyte additives, including unsaturated carbonates, sulfur compounds, phosphorus compounds, silicon compounds, inorganic sodium salts, and other types of components. Meanwhile, the research progress and related mechanisms of this addition agent in the electrolyte of sodium-ion batteries in recent years were summarized as a reference for subsequent research. Finally, the future study of electrolyte additives prospects from the science idea and practical application, for example, density functional theory, AI for science, and in-situ analysis method for SIBs. Related Articles | Metrics

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CO2 methanation: recent advances in catalyst development and reaction mechanistic study Junbo TIAN Fangna GU Fabing SU Zhanguo ZHANG Guangwen XU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (3): 375-395.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222027 Abstract （1561）   HTML （72）    PDF （12772KB）（922）       Knowledge map    Save Choosing a suitable approach for CO2 utilization is crucial to achieving carbon neutrality and carbon peak goals as early as possible. Synthesis of synthetic natural gas (SNG) by methanation of CO2 using hydrogen produced from renewable energy is widely regarded as an efficient and promising carbon capture and utilization technology, which is expected to realize carbon recycling. Considering the importance of CO2 methanation, we provide a systematic review of the latest studies. Firstly, the effect of different reaction conditions on CO2 methanation is introduced from the perspective of thermodynamics. Secondly, the research progress of CO2 methanation catalysts is reviewed from four aspects: active metal, support, preparation method, and assistive technology. In detail, the active components are classified into cheap metal-based (Ni, Fe, Co, and Mo) and noble metal-based (Ru, Rh, Pt, and Pd) materials, and the supports are divided into the conventional oxides (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, and CeO2) and the supports with novel structures (e.g., metal-organic frameworks and carbon-based materials), which are all discussed and evaluated in depth. The preparation methods of catalyst are classified as the conventional ones (such as impregnation, coprecipitation, hydrothermal, sol-gel, and solid-phase synthesis) and unconventional ones. The latter includes three technologies such as ultrasound, microwave, and plasma, which can speed up the synthesis and reaction process and facilitate the high dispersion of the active components on the supports. Subsequently, two reaction mechanisms in CO2 methanation (the formate and CO pathways) are discussed. The specific reaction pathway for CO2 methanation is related to the properties of the catalyst surface (e.g., hydroxyl abundance, adsorbed O2- sites) and the reaction conditions (e.g., reaction temperature and pressure). Finally, current research challenges are put forward, and the prospects for future research in this area are made. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research review in regulating interfacial interaction on MOF-based mixed matrix membranes for gas separation Lili GONG Ju BAI Can WANG Wei LAI Linglong SHAN Shuangjiang LUO Zhichang LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 489-500.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223054 Abstract （678）   HTML （31）    PDF （7406KB）（619）       Knowledge map    Save Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) have attracted substantial attention for gas separation, combining the advantages of organic polymers and inorganic fillers, which are expected to solve the Trade-off effect. Metal organic frameworks (MOF), as a kind of innovative filler, provided promising development opportunities for MMMs, thanks to high surface area and porosity, adjustable pores, and low density, etc. These unique physical and chemical properties promoted the application in gas adsorption, separation, and storage. MOF is regarded as good compatibility with the polymer matrix because the organic linkers in MOF are more similar to the organic chain of the polymer compared with traditional inorganic materials (molecular sieve or metal oxide, etc.). Gas separation performance is improved by incorporating MOF into the polymer matrix, which is expected to balance the Trade-off effect. However, the separation performance of MMMs is not simply the sum of the two phases and is far below the predicted theoretical value by the material simulation in most cases. One of the key reasons for these non-ideal morphologies resulting from poor interfacial compatibility, including the non-selective interfacial voids, polymer rigidified, and pore blockage, which reduce the separation performance of MMMs. Therefore, good interfacial compatibility plays a key role in MMMs. Constructing effective interface interactions is a feasible strategy to improve interface compatibility. Thus, in this review, a comprehensive overview of the main technical challenges in developing MOF-based MMMs and a detailed description of the interface issues are provided. And constructing different interface interactions, including hydrogen bonds, covalent bonds, coordination bonds and others, has been expounded through various methods and strategies in the last five years. Finally, it aims to summarize the positive effects on the properties of MMMs through effective and strong interface interactions, guiding the future development of MOF-based MMMs. Related Articles | Metrics

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Advances in biosynthesis of diamine as core monomers of new nylon materials Kun LIN Zhuang LI Kun WANG Ying BI Xiuling JI Zhigang ZHANG Yuhong HUANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 958-971.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223147 Abstract （761）   HTML （25）    PDF （1140KB）（598）       Knowledge map    Save In the context of carbon neutrality, bio-diamine synthesis is an effective way to achieve the low-carbon production and sustainable development. Using synthetic biology, metabolic engineering, protein engineering strategies, we are able to design and construct efficient key enzymes and pathways for the biosynthesis of diamines. In this work, the progress of diamine synthesis is reviewed around two synthetic strategies: microbial de novo fermentation and whole-cell catalysis. The main diamines include 1,4-butanediamine, 1,5-pentanediamine, and 1,6-hexamethylenediamine. The biosynthesis of butanediamine mainly includes ornithine decarboxylation and lysine decarboxylation pathways, and butanediamine is mainly produced by fermentation. However, the current yield of butanediamine is low and cannot meet the requirments of industrial production. The biosynthesis of pentanediamine depends on the decarbosylation of L-lysine, mainly by de novo fermentation and whole-cell catalysis. The whole-cell catalysis for pentanediamine is more efficient, which has been widely used in large-scale production with the maturity of the technology. Hexamethylenediamine is currently synthesized by constructing artificial pathways. In addition, to address the challenges encountered in the biosynthesis of diamines, such as many by-products, poor strain activity, low yield, difficult separation, and purification, we proposed methods to improve the biosynthesis of diamines by combining metabolic engineering and protein engineering to optimize key enzyme catalysis, exploring the mechanism of cell damage caused by diamine accumulation, enhancing the specificity and activity of enzyme catalysis to improve production intensity, and optimizing the fermentation system to simplify the subsequent separation and purification steps. Finally, we foresee the future direction and development prospect of diamine biosynthesis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in modification of layered oxide cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries Miaomiao LI Xiangyun QIU Yanxin YIN Tao ZHANG Zuoqiang DAI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 799-813.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222296 Abstract （776）   HTML （110）    PDF （47402KB）（553）       Knowledge map    Save Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have been regarded as the major candidate technologies for large-scale energy storage applications due to the rich abundance of Na sources, low cost and safety. And the development of cathode materials also determines the final performances and commercialization. Layered oxide cathode materials have the advantages of high specific capacity, simple structure and good stability. It is one of the most promising sodium cathode materials at present. However, such materials are still faced with irreversible changes in the electrochemical process, unstable storage in air and poor interface stability, which seriously restricts the development of commercialization of SIBs. In order to solve these problems of materials, researchers modified and optimized them. Accordingly, the modification measures of ion doping, surface coating, nanostructure design and P/O mixing and other related modification measures of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials, which provides a basis for the modification research of sodium electric layered oxide cathode materials are reviewed in this review. Besides, the future development trend of layered oxides is prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on curing arsenic-containing compounds and solid wastes by iron-based silicate gel Boyu DU Chao LIU Xing ZHU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (12): 1714-1724.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223085 Abstract （227）   HTML （6）    PDF （2442KB）（491）       Knowledge map    Save During the mining and metallurgy of non-ferrous heavy metals, a large number of arsenic-containing compounds are exposed to the environment, posing great environmental risks to the surrounding water and soil. Due to their good arsenate affinity, iron ions and their compounds are the main components of commonly used chemical arsenic fixation agents. Whether in arsenic pollutant solidification or arsenic-contaminated site remediation, silicate and hydration processes are important physical barriers to arsenic. Based on this, we synthesized an iron-based silicate gel and evaluated its performance for the solidification/stabilization of typical arsenic compounds [Na3AsO4, Ca3(AsO4)2, AlAsO4, and FeAsO4·2H2O] and arsenic-containing sludge from non-ferrous metallurgy, and explored the arsenic fixation mechanism. The results showed that the iron-based silicate gel with a Fe/Si molar ratio of 1:4 could effectively immobilize the arsenic-containing compounds (Na3AsO4 and FeAsO4·2H2O). However, in the process of curing Ca3(AsO4)2 and AlAsO4, due to the competitive reaction between arsenate and silicate, the toxic leaching of arsenic was higher than that in the process of uncaring. The introduction of CaO could inhibit the competitive reaction, improve the arsenic fixation rate of Ca3(AsO4)2 and AlAsO4, and reach more than 98% of the arsenic fixation efficiency. The synergistic effect of Fe and Ca co-precipitation and physical immobilization is responsible for the immobilization/stabilization of arsenic-containing compounds. The core-shell structure with arsenic-containing compounds as the core and iron-based silicate gel/C-S-H gel as the shell separated arsenic species and reduced toxic leaching when in contact with the surrounding environment. The long-term stability showed that the iron-based silicate gel-cured arsenic-containing waste remained highly stable at pH=8 for 30 days. The CaO-assisted iron-based silicate gel proposed in this work showed great potential for the immobilization of arsenic-containing wastes and arsenic-contaminated land and provided a new way to solidify arsenic-containing pollutants. Related Articles | Metrics

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Study on the mechanism of Ni2+ and Mg2+ loss and enhanced separation in sulfuric acid leachate of laterite nickel ore during iron removal using neutralization process Hao JIANG Xin TENG Jun LUO Changye MANG Xinran LI Wenhao SUN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (11): 1558-1567.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223055 Abstract （327）   HTML （9）    PDF （8323KB）（451）       Knowledge map    Save Neutralization precipitation process is often used to remove impurities such as iron, aluminum and chromium from the nickel laterite acid leach solution, however, it accompanied with the loss of nickel and magnesium metal ions. The precipitation behaviors of Ni2+ and Mg2+ ions in nickel laterite acid leach solution during the neutralization precipitation iron removal process was deeply discussed in this work. Furthermore, a novel precipitation mechanism of Ni2+ and Mg2+ with SO42- during the neutralization precipitation iron removal process was proposed. The results showed that under the condition of fixed Ni2+ and Mg2+ concentrations in simulated leachate, the loss rate of Ni2+ and Mg2+ during neutralization and precipitation respectively were 9.13%~23.23% and 9.79%~15.68% with the increase of Fe3+ concentration in simulated leachate. Under the condition of fixed Fe3+ concentrations, the loss rate of Ni2+ and Mg2+ decreased with the increase of the concentration of Ni2+ and Mg2+. According to the results of solution chemical calculation and the characterization of iron hydroxide precipitation by infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, both SO42- ions and Fe(OH)3 colloids could co-precipitate in the form of monovalent or binary complex during the neutralization process, in which the lone pair electrons of SO42- in the monovalent complexes bond with Ni2+ and Mg2+ and adsorb, resulting Ni2+ and Mg2+ in the leachate were co-adsorbed with SO42- by Fe(OH)3 colloid and the loss was caused. In addition, it was found that the surfactant such as cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), polyethylene glycol (PEG), sodium dodecyl benzenesulfonatecan (SDBS) was added during the neutralization precipitation process can effectively compete for adsorption with neutralizing precipitated products or impede the combination of SO〖_4^(2-)〗 with Ni2+ and Mg2+ ions, which could enhance the selective precipitation of Fe3+ ions during neutralization process. When the dosage of three surfactants was 2×10-5 mol/L, the retention rates of Ni2+ in the process of neutralization and precipitation of iron could reach about 95%, and Mg2+ could reach 100%. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on liquid bridge fracture in field of micro-nano technology Zhaofei ZHU Yalong CHU Xianming GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 814-825.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222287 Abstract （409）   HTML （16）    PDF （4290KB）（442）       Knowledge map    Save Affected by the scale effect, the morphological characteristics of liquid bridges at the microscale determine the changes in liquid bridge forces that are area-related. Liquid bridge forces have an important impact on the formation and fracture of liquid bridges. The liquid bridge fracture mechanism based on liquid bridge morphology is the theoretical basis of biology, chemistry, materials, micro-nano technology, and many other research fields. At present, the study of liquid bridge fracture is an interdisciplinary discipline involving mathematics, fluid mechanics, interface chemistry, materials science, and other disciplines, however there is few review of the research progress focusing on liquid bridge fracture based on liquid bridge morphology. This review mainly summarizes the fracture theoretical models and experimental methods of axisymmetric liquid bridges, non-axisymmetric liquid bridges, and non-Newtonian liquid bridges. It mainly introduces the weak nonlinear behavior of the fluid generated during the tensile and rupture of the liquid bridge under equilibrium or steady state caused by the forced hydraulic bridge. The influences of key factors such as liquid volume, viscosity, surface tension, wettability, roughness of the solid surface, fracture speed, and liquid bridge morphology on the fracture location or liquid distribution rate of the liquid bridge are systematically described. The experimental methods for quantitatively studying the use of different key parameters affecting liquid bridge fracture are analyzed. The structural characteristics of different experimental apparatus and their advantages and disadvantages are compared and discussed. Furthermore, the innovative and high-value research direction of the research is summarized and proposed, which may be used in future research. Finally, the research frontier trends of liquid bridge fracture in the field of micro-nano technology prospected, and it is pointed out that the future research focused on issues including a more comprehensive hydraulic bridge fracture model, the fracture mechanism, and multi-parameter control method of the liquid bridge. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of thermal management technology for lithium-ion batteries Jiaxin LI Pengzhao LI Miao WANG Chun CHEN Liangyu YAN Yue GAO Shengchen YANG Manman CHEN Cai ZHAO Jing MAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (8): 1102-1117.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223094 Abstract （1017）   HTML （44）    PDF （13593KB）（428）       Knowledge map    Save Efficient battery thermal management technology is critical to the safe operation, long cycle life, and overall cost reduction of lithium-ion batteries and is important in promoting the large-scale application of lithium-ion batteries. In this review, several mainstream battery thermal management technologies are discussed in detail, including air cooling, liquid cooling, new phase change material cooling, and thermoelectric cooling technology. The battery heat generation model is briefly described. Finally, the development direction of battery cooling technology is prospected. Air cooling technology is simple in structure, but it is difficult to ensure temperature uniformity of the cells within the battery pack and is not suitable for cooling large lithium-ion battery packs, but is more suitable for small flying electric devices and low-end electric vehicles. Cooling plate liquid cooling technology is more effective, but there is a risk of coolant leakage and the temperature uniformity needs to be further improved. Immersion liquid cooling technology offers significant cooling and temperature uniformity but is expensive and is likely to be used more often in the future in energy storage plants with high cooling requirements, while for most lithium-ion electric vehicles the lower-cost cooling plate liquid cooling technology is more suitable. Phase change material cooling and thermoelectric cooling technologies without moving parts have achieved initial commercial application in electronic equipment and small power plants, but the cooling efficiency is low and needs further refinement. It is worth noting that it is critical to choose the right cooling technology for the user's needs. While there is no perfect cooling solution, a combination of cooling technologies can be used to meet the thermal management needs of a wider range of application scenarios. Related Articles | Metrics

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Gas-liquid flow simulation of a distillation tray based on OpenFOAM Xiaoqing ZHOU Yunpeng JIAO Tianbo FAN Xianfeng HE Jianhua CHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (6): 858-869.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222258 Abstract （398）   HTML （13）    PDF （8891KB）（424）       Knowledge map    Save Distillation column with sieve tray is an important separation equipment and widely used in the process industry. The complex behavior of the gas-liquid two-phase flow in distillation columns, especially on the tray, significantly affects the separation performance. With increasing applications of the CFD simulation in multiphase flow, it is interesting to adopt the CFD tools in distillation design and optimization. Traditionally, commercial CFD software has been applied in this field, while they face the problems of black-box feature, limited and expensive license, inflexibility of developing tailored models, etc. Therefore, this work turns to the open source platform of OpenFOAM. By using the Eulerian solver in OpenFOAM, an experimental sieve tray column is studied. The two-phase flow characteristics under different operating conditions are explored, including the height of the clear liquid layer, the gas and liquid velocity, the pressure drop, etc. The predicted trends are consistent with the experimental results. The simulated clear liquid height decreases with increasing gas flow rate and increases with liquid flow rate, and its deviation from the experiments is attributed to the empirical drag correlations which need further study. The influences of sieve holes and liquid inlet conditions on the liquid velocity distribution have been studied. It is found that the number of sieve holes has little impact, and simulations with non-uniform liquid inlet conditions agree with the experiments better. This study verifies the feasibility of using OpenFOAM to simulate distillation columns. The next step is to apply the mesoscale approach to gas-liquid crossing flow systems, construct a new interphase drag model to improve the accuracy of the simulation, and consider the influence of heat and mass transfer on the flow field. This work lays a foundation for the next-step coupling simulations, which is promising for the design and optimization of distillation columns. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress in the preparation of porous biomass carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors Xuemin ZHANG Guanyu HE Shaoqi YIN Tingting HUANG Jinping LI Jian ZHENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 127-138.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223036 Abstract （504）   HTML （42）    PDF （1013KB）（404）       Knowledge map    Save The biomass carbon material is a kind of green and renewable energy material. Its efficient utilization is of great significance for the sustainable development of the energy environment and the green and low-carbon transition of energy. Biomass carbon materials are widely used in energy storage and conversion, catalysis, adsorption, and many other fields due to their porous nature, abundant functional groups, large specific surface area, excellent electrochemical performance, low cost, and renewable. However, the properties of biomass carbon materials are not only closely related to the microstructure, but also the heteroatom doping has an important impact on the structure and electrochemical properties of biomass carbon materials. The accurate structure regulation of biomass carbon materials is an effective way to improve their electrochemical performance. In this work, the preparation methods of biomass carbon materials and their applications in supercapacitors are comprehensively reviewed, and the relationship between the structure and properties of porous carbon materials is discussed. On this basis, the influence mechanism and rules of different conditions, and different preparation processes (such as material selection, material treatment, and activation mode) on the structure characteristics of biomass carbon materials are analyzed. In this review, the mechanism and rules of the influence of the structure characteristics on the electrochemical properties of porous biomass carbon materials are described in detail, and the preparation process and performance regulation of porous biomass carbon materials need to be perfected and improved. Finally, the main development directions of preparation technology and electrochemical properties of porous biomass carbon materials in the future are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of bubble separation behavior on electrodes and its strengthening technology Wei LIN Zhangwei WANG Wei WANG Jimin LI Zixin GUO Jin XIANG Xinyuan QIU Hongyang ZHAN Jiuyang YU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (9): 1147-1158.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221283 Abstract （839）   HTML （34）    PDF （3257KB）（400）       Knowledge map    Save The rapid development of the global economy inevitably caused the rapid consumption of fossil resources and serious environmental pollution problems. Hydrogen plays an increasingly important role in energy supply and environmental protection as a clean energy, water electrolysis is a way to produce hydrogen on a large scale, so it is very important to enhance the efficiency of water electrolysis for hydrogen energy production. How to improve the electrolysis efficiency of water electrolysis technology has been widely concerned. During electrolysis, the gas produced at both ends of the electrode can go in one of three directions: out of the cell, dissolved in the electrolyte, or attached to the electrode. However, in the electrolysis process, the bubbles attached to the electrode will seriously affect the contact area between the electrode and electrolyte, which directly reduces the electrolysis efficiency. Therefore, reducing the residence time of bubbles on the electrode can effectively increase the contact time between electrolyte and electrode and improve the efficiency of hydrogen production. In this work, the recent progress in promoting the separation of hydrogen and oxygen bubbles from the plate during electrolysis is reviewed. The nucleation, growth, coalescence and separation of bubbles are studied from the aspects of plate properties, current, solution concentration, and external physical field, and the characteristics of various methods to enhance bubble separation are discussed and summarized. The electrolytic efficiency can be improved and the energy consumption of electrolysis can be reduced by promoting the bubble separation on the electrode. The future development direction and route are prospected, this provides fundamental insight and direction for the future design of the bubble separation technology in water electrolysis. Related Articles | Metrics

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Current application and development of microneedle Sibo ZHAO Yiru BAO Min XIE The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (2): 163-172.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222114 Abstract （953）   HTML （179）    PDF （2905KB）（396）       Knowledge map    Save Microneedles are micrometer sized single needles or needle arrays that are produced by microfabricating techniques. Microneedles could penetrate the stratum corneum layer of the skin to reach the dermal layer which is favorable for percutaneous drug delivery. Microneedles have a number of advantages in drug delivery, compared with oral administration, microneedles circumvent the metabolic effects of the digestive system on drugs, compared with injection needles, microneedles are able to reduce pain and improve adherence compliance in patients. Due to their special transdermal pathway and precise, convenient application methods, microneedle has also become a hot studies area in biomedicine at present and their applications in vaccination, tissue fluid extraction and biomarker detection, etc. have been well investigated. According to working mechanisms for percutaneous drug delivery, microneedles can be classified as five kinds, including solid, coated, dissolving, hollow, and hydrogel microneedles. This review, combined with relevant articles in the field of microneedle technology in recent years, provides a brief overview of the types and fabricating materials of microneedles, mainly introduces the current applications of microneedles in the field of drug delivery (such as insulin injection for diabetes treatment, local drug delivery for cancer treatment, vaccination, tissue fluid extraction and biomarker detection, etc.) Besides, if the microneedles would be widely applied in the marker for medical application, some factors including mechanic strength, biological safety, sterilization process and biological stability of biomolecules on the micrneedles should be well considered which are also discussed in the review. At last, outlooks on microneedles' future development are prospected, such as developing microneedles based drug delivery system for heart attack treatment, improving biological stability of the biological molecules on the microneedles for convenient vaccination, and combining of microneedles with other techniques, such as sensitive biomarker detection method, microfluidic chip and wearable device, which will open a new prospect for the development of microneedles techniques. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on catalysts for hydrogen production by low temperature methanol water reforming Zhan SHEN Zhidong JIANG Pengfei ZHANG Ziyu ZHANG Haiying CHE Zifeng MA The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (5): 573-585.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221147 Abstract （1119）      PDF （1690KB）（390）       Knowledge map    Save Methanol is a promising energy carrier owing to its simple structure, high hydrogen content and huge production capacity. Methanol steam reforming (MSR) is an energy-saving and efficient on-site hydrogen production method. Combined with fuel cells, MSR can be applied in many fields. However, due to the high reaction temperature (250~300℃), there are some problems such as slow start-up, high CO content and low thermal efficiency. Low temperature methanol water reforming (LT-MWR), including LT-MSR and aqueous-phase reforming of methanol (APRM), means that the reaction proceeds below 200℃, and maintains high reaction activity, which can reduce the preheating time and the side reactions, and achieve stronger thermal coupling with fuel cells. In this review, the performance and defects of commercial catalysts are firstly introduced based on characterization results. The research of LT-MWR catalysts for hydrogen production is reviewed, including Cu-based catalysts, noble metal catalysts and photo-synergistic catalysts. The modification strategies for low temperature Cu-based catalysts are summarized, including synthesis methods, structure design and element doping. The commercial CuZnAlOx catalyst at home and abroad has the characteristics of high methanol conversion and good stability, despite its relatively high price and low activity below 200℃. Because the activity of Cu-based catalysts is greatly affected by temperature, the catalytic activity decreases sharply at low temperature. By appropriate modification, Cu-based catalysts can perform high activity at low temperature. Noble metal catalysts have high activity at low temperature, but they are expensive and the synthesis process is complex. Photo-synergistic catalysts are functional under the condition of light, which is still in the research stage. The synthesis method can strengthen the micromixing degree and reproducibility. Appropriate structure design can increase the specific surface area and thermal stability of the catalyst. Element doping enables better dispersion of active components and modifies the surface structure. Three modification strategies can effectively improve the performance of Cu-based catalyst for LT-MSR, reducing the content of CO content while maintaining high activity. Finally, the prospect and challenges of LT-MSR catalysts for hydrogen production are prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of lithium polysulfide capture in lithium-sulfur batteries Tingting HU Haijian LIU Yunyi CHEN Lingli LIU Chun'ai DAI Yongsheng HAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (9): 1231-1243.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222413 Abstract （415）   HTML （26）    PDF （6063KB）（386）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium-sulfur battery has an ultra-high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mAh/g) and theoretical specific energy (2600 Wh/kg), which is far higher than commercial secondary batteries. In addition, the sulfur element is rich in the earth, and its price is cheap, the extraction process is environmentally friendly. Therefore, a lithium-sulfur battery is considered as an ideal energy storage unit for the future energy storage system. However, the lithium polysulfide intermediates generated in the charging and discharging process are easily soluble in the electrolyte, resulting in a loss of active materials and an increase in the electrolyte viscosity. In addition, the dissolved lithium polysulfide is inclined to migrate between positive and negative electrodes, and reacts with the lithium negative electrode, causing irreversible loss of active substance sulfur, greatly reducing the battery life and safety. This phenomenon is called the shuttle effect, which hinders the commercialization process of lithium-sulfur batteries. In recent years, researchers have attempted to solve this problem through physical adsorption, chemical action, and external field constraint, and achieved impressive progress. This work summarizes the research progress of capturing lithium polysulfide, and compares the characteristics of each approach and its impact on the electrochemical performance of lithium-sulfur batteries. Whether it is the physical constraint of the porous structure of carbon materials, the chemical interaction between the carrier materials and lithium polysulfide, or the adsorption of electric and magnetic fields on lithium polysulfide, lithium polysulfide is fixed on the positive side and to inhibit its dissolution and diffusion to the negative electrode. Capturing lithium polysulfide by external magnetic field, internal magnetic field induced by magnetic particles, and internal electric field generated by spontaneous polarization of ferroelectric materials is also highlighted. Finally, the challenges in capturing lithium polysulfide and the possible solution are prospected. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress of fluidized bed direct reduction at Institute of Process Engineering Chuanlin FAN Zhan DU Feng PAN Zheng ZOU Jun LI Hongzhong LI Qingshan ZHU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (10): 1325-1332.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222325 Abstract （624）   HTML （36）    PDF （4964KB）（368）       Knowledge map    Save Under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality, iron and steel industry urgently needs low-carbon reconstruction. Hydrogen direct reduction (usually called "hydrogen metallurgy") is an important research field in the domestic and overseas. Fluidized bed (FB) direct reduction has been the research direction at Institute of Process Engineering (IPE) for more than 60 years. On the occasion of commemorating the 120th anniversary of Professor Chu-Phay Yap's birth, this work reviews and summarizes a series of important achievements on basic researches and industrial applications of FB direct reduction at IPE. In the basic researches respect, the competition of adhesive force and rupturing force for particle sticking, the behaviors of agglomerate fluidization and slow defluidization, the growth mechanisms and sticking characteristics of newly formed iron with different morphologies were revealed; and a series of methods for anti-defluidization were successively established, including particle coating and iron morphology regulation to reduce the adhesive force, and enhance particle motion, particle size increase, using external field forces to increase the rupturing force. Furthermore, several pilot plants with various iron ores were constructed and operated to promote the industrial application of new technologies, including hydrogen FB direct reduction of 100 kg/d iron ore concentrate, 1 t/d vanadium bearing titanomagnetite and FB direct reduction-electric furnace smelting of 2000 t/a vanadium bearing titanomagnetite. Currently, IPE is cooperating with Ansteel Group to establish the world's first FB direct reduction pilot plant of 10 000 t-DRI/a using green hydrogen. This paper aims to commemorates Professor Chu-Phay Yap, Professor Mooson Kwauk and other scientists of the older generation, and also to propel advance of basic theory and technology in FB direct reduction, for promotion of the low-carbon development for the iron and steel industry of China. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on molding process of catalysts for fixed bed reactor Shanshan LIU Qida DING Tao GUO Yaofeng WANG Baohua XU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (4): 501-511.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222088 Abstract （629）   HTML （24）    PDF （1464KB）（366）       Knowledge map    Save The progresses obtained in the catalytic technology are driven by the social demands, such as environment, energy, chemicals, and fuels. The ultimate goal is to increase the process efficiency for scale-up. The molding catalysts are usually multicomponent material of millimetre-size consisting of the active phases, supports, and various molding additives suitable for commercial applications. Different from the powder catalysts, the molding catalysts should not only possess the catalytic activity of the powder catalyst but also consider the use of binder, lubricant, acid and pore-forming agent to satisfy the required mechanical strength and chemical stability to ensure that they can run smoothly and have a long life in industrial reactors. In addition, the shape and size of the molding catalysts affect the catalytic performance by affecting the flow state of the materials inside the reactor. Therefore, the molding process is complex and full of challenges. This review introduces the influence of molding conditions on both the mechanical and the catalytic properties at the fixed bed. Specifically, the effects of the types and amounts of additives, the addition sequence, the calcination conditions, the pulp ratio, and the shape and size of molding catalysts are focused. Weibull modulus can be used to measure the reliability of mechanical strength of brittle materials, and further judge and predict the reliability of catalyst strength value. In addition, this review also introduces the application of Weibull distribution in the reliability judgment and prediction of catalyst strength value, and the progress of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation in assisting catalyst morphology design. The potential of Weibull distribution and CFD in future applications of molding catalyst are pointed out. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress and application of heat transfer enhancement of twisted oval tubes Xiuzhen LI Yingying TAN Junfei YUAN Zhanwei WANG Lin WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2022, 22 (5): 561-572.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.221153 Abstract （599）      PDF （6683KB）（346）       Knowledge map    Save The twisted oval tube has simple structure, excellent heat transfer enhancement and anti-fouling performance, and has become one of the research hotspots in the field of passive heat transfer enhancement. In recent years, researchers have carried out a lot of research on the heat transfer performance of twisted elliptical tubes (bundles) through experiments and numerical simulations. The mechanism of heat transfer enhancement is explained.Although there are reviews on the technology of twisted oval tube exchangers, there are deficiencies in the induction of the heat transfer enhancement characteristics of twisted oval tubes and the analysis of the research clues of the engineering application. This review focuses on the internal and external heat transfer and flow resistance performance of the twisted oval tube, and summarizes the influence of the structure of the twisted oval tube (bundle), working fluid and flow state on the heat transfer performance and flow resistance characteristics. The review also reviews the engineering application cases of twisted oval tube heat exchangers, and outlines the contents to be perfected in the researches on twisted oval tubes, and prospects the development trend of the research on heat transfer intensification of twisted oval tubes. This review is expected to provide guidance and reference for deepening the theoretical research and engineering practice of twisted oval tubes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical design of new energy solid-state battery materials and development of battery technology under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality Hongjie XU Guanghui WANG Yujie SU Zhigao ZHANG Haitong LI Zhongzheng YANG Yuchen WANG Linyue HU Guoqin CAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (7): 943-957.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223113 Abstract （477）   HTML （14）    PDF （4779KB）（342）       Knowledge map    Save Rechargeable lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted wide attention due to their high theoretical energy density and important applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles, and smart grids. However, the implementation of LMBs in practice still faces many challenges, such as low Coulombic efficiency, poor cycle performance, and complex interfacial reactions. An in-depth analysis of the physical basis and chemical science of solid-state batteries is of great significance for battery development. To confirm and supplement the experimental research mechanism, theoretical calculation provides strong support for exploring the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of battery materials and their interfaces and lays a theoretical foundation for designing batteries with better comprehensive performance. In this review, the theoretical and structural design ideas of the Li10GeP2S12 system and argyrodite system in sulfide solid electrolytes are reviewed, including the transport mechanism and diffusion path of lithium ions. The theoretical design ideas of new anti-perovskite Li3OCl and double anti-perovskite Li6OSI2 electrolyte systems are analyzed. The transport mechanism of Li+ in oxide solid electrolyte systems under defect regulation is reviewed. In addition, the theoretical design of new halide electrolyte systems, and the role of computational materials science in the study of battery material properties are also introduced. The key issues such as ion transport mechanism, phase stability, voltage platform, chemical and electrochemical stability, the interface buffer layer, and electrode/electrolyte interface are analyzed by theoretical methods. Understanding the charge-discharge mechanism at the atomic scale and providing reasonable design strategies for electrode materials and electrolytes. Related Articles | Metrics

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Large eddy simulation for single particle wake characteristics in concave-wall tangential jet Jing ZHANG Wenhao HOU Chenghao ZHOU Zhiguo TIAN Bin GONG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (11): 1497-1505.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223019 Abstract （259）   HTML （4）    PDF （6139KB）（331）       Knowledge map    Save Large eddy simulation was used to simulate the influence of spherical particles near the wall on fluid flow characteristics under the action of tangential jets on the concave-wall. The simulated wake vortex results were in good agreement with the experimental tracer image. The vortex structure and its evolution process of particle wake with particle diameter dp=4 mm and radius of curvature of concave wall R=200 mm were studied. The changes of velocity, vorticity, and streamline around the particle were investigated at Reynolds number Re=700~10 000. The results showed that the vorticity in the influence area of particles increased, the peak value of vorticity always appeared on the upstream surface of particles, and the recirculation zone behind the particles shrank significantly with the increase of Reynolds number. When Re=700, there was only one wake vortex behind the particle along the concave wall jet spanwise. When Re≥2000, there were two wake vortices behind particles along the concave wall jet spanwise, and the tangential velocity and vorticity of the fluid fluctuated periodically. The particle lift and resistance were monitored. There was the vortex shedding frequency at Strouhal number St=0.000 854 when Re=2000, and the peak value of the lift power spectrum occurred at St=0.001 52. The frequency peak corresponding to the boundary layer and wake instability was not found in the drag power spectrum when Re=10 000, and the peak of the lift power spectrum occurred at St=0.008 74. The particle wake had a great influence on the flow field. The analysis of the particle wake characteristics in the tangential jet on the concave wall was an in-depth study of the liquid-solid two phase separation mechanism. It provided the theory for the characteristics of single particle wake vortex in the process of heterogeneous separation of the tangential jet from concave wall. Related Articles | Metrics

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Preparation of nano-calcium carbonate intensified by CO2 micro bubble and transfer-reaction analysis Liheng WANG Xiaoping GUAN Ning YANG Zuze MU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (9): 1313-1324.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222450 Abstract （500）   HTML （7）    PDF （2491KB）（330）       Knowledge map    Save Carbonization is one of the common methods to prepare nano calcium carbonate. Controlling the particle size and particle size distribution of calcium carbonate is the key to the preparation of high-quality nano-calcium carbonate by carbonization. Different operating conditions have different effects on the reaction products. The particle size and size distribution of calcium carbonate can be effectively controlled by controlling different reaction conditions to improve the mass transfer and reaction conditions in the slurry. In batch-operated bubble column reactor, gas flow rate and bubble size are factors affecting mass transfer. This study investigates the influences of operation condition (gas flow rate, initial slurry condition), bubble type (ordinary bubble, micro bubble) on carbonation reaction rate and particle size distribution of calcium carbonate. Furthermore, the effects of bubble type on the stable region and abrupt change region in carbonation reaction process are analyzed. The experimental results show that when using ordinary bubble, the increase of CO2 flow rate accelerates the reaction process and reduces the particle size of calcium carbonate, but it does not affect the time of abrupt change region. With increasing the slurry concentration, the particle size first decreases and then increases in small-diameter column with ordinary bubble. However, when using micro bubble, the particle size of calcium carbonate is significantly reduced, and the time of abrupt change region decreases with the increase of gas flow rate. Moreover, the CO2 flow rate is no longer an influential factor on calcium carbonate particle size, which means that the gas-liquid mass transfer process is not the rate controlling step of carbonation reaction. This study provides some references for studying the application of micro bubbles in calcium carbonate crystallization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Progress on resource utilization and second utilization of chloride removal products from Friedel's salt precipitation method Yun GU Peng CHU Dongdong GE Shouqiang HUANG Min JIANG Hongying LÜ Wenxin ZHANG Yangyang LÜ Yang LÜ Yaheng ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 151-161.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223122 Abstract （513）   HTML （15）    PDF （1474KB）（322）       Knowledge map    Save The high concentration of Cl- in wastewater can seriously corrode industrial equipment, and also pollute the water environment. A series of technologies for removing Cl- from wastewater have been reported, such as membrane separation, concentration, evaporation crystallization, chemical precipitation, adsorption, ion exchange, electrolysis, oxidation, and solvent extraction. Among them, chemical precipitation has significant advantages in equipment investment and operability, Friedel's salt precipitation method of Cl- removal has been intensively studied because of the wide source and low price of raw materials, compared with other methods using silver, copper, or bismuth. After the Cl- removal, a large quantity of chemical sludge is produced, which mainly contains Friedel's salt (3CaO?Al2O3?CaCl2?10H2O), katoite [Ca3Al2(OH)12], and calcium hydroxide, etc. Due to the complex components and the tight binding of Cl- in the interlayer spacing of Friedel's salt, the resultant sludge is difficult to recycle. To promote the application of Friedel's salt precipitation method, it is very important to utilize its Cl- removal products, especially Friedel's salt, as a resource. Based on the introduction of the compositional and structural characteristics of Friedel's salt, this work highlights the advantages of Friedel's salt precipitation method, which cannot only remove Cl-, but also obtain Friedel's salt, by comparing other preparation methods. According to the aluminum and calcium components of Friedel's salt and its layered bimetallic hydroxide structure, effective resource utilization can be carried out, including the removal of various heavy metal cations (i.e., Cu2+, Cd2+, Co2+, Zn2+, and Pb2+) and oxygenated anion complexes [i.e., Sb(OH)6-, AsO43-, SeO42-, and CrO42-], and the preparation of polyaluminum chloride coagulants and as sludge dewatering regulators, etc. These uses have broad application prospects, providing reference and exploration direction for the further development of Friedel's salt precipitation method. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on sodium storage mechanism and performance of anode materials for sodium-ion batteries Cheng HAN Shaojie WU Chaoyang WU Mingyang LI Hongming LONG Xiangpeng GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (2): 173-187.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222083 Abstract （809）   HTML （20）    PDF （1833KB）（314）       Knowledge map    Save The massive use of fossil fuels is bound to cause irreversible damage to the global ecological environment. New energy sources such as solar, wind, and tidal have the advantages of being clean, non-hazardous, and renewable, and can be used to replace fossil fuels to alleviate the environmental crisis. The development and utilization of green energy have led to the rapid development of electrochemical energy storage and conversion technologies to store clean and renewable energy in the grid. Lithium-ion batteries, one of the most successful secondary ion batteries in energy storage, have been used in various electronic products, but expensive and scarce raw material resources limit their applications in the field of large-scale energy storage equipment. Therefore, the search for inexpensive secondary ion batteries with excellent performance is one of the hot research topics nowadays. As a new type of secondary ion battery, sodium-ion battery not only has a similar working principle as a lithium-ion battery but also features low cost, high resource abundance, and high reversible capacity. The extensive exploration by researchers is expected to make it a successful alternative to lithium-ion batteries for commercial production. This work mainly reviews the progress of the research on the performance of sodium-ion battery anode materials, firstly, the three mechanisms of sodium storage in the anode materials, namely the intercalation reaction, alloying reaction, and conversion reaction, are analyzed and summarized according to the different ways of sodium ion storage in the anode materials. Then, according to the performance of sodium-ion battery anode materials, three common modifications of anode materials are summarized: structural modification, elemental doping, and material compounding, and the electrochemical properties of anode materials before and after modification are compared. Then, the research status and problems faced by several key anode materials for sodium-ion batteries, such as carbon-based materials, titanium-based materials, alloy-based materials, conversion-based materials, and organic materials, are highlighted. Finally, the research directions of sodium-ion battery anode materials are prospected based on the actual production and industrial applications. Related Articles | Metrics

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Forced oxidation of calcium sulfite and the influence of impurities in wet desulfurization by calcium carbide slag Yuewu ZHENG Ziheng MENG Lingxian LIAN Jiliang HAN Liwen ZHAO Xingguo WANG Gang XING Ganyu ZHU Huiquan LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (12): 1725-1738.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223048 Abstract （346）   HTML （5）    PDF （9117KB）（296）       Knowledge map    Save The main component of calcium carbide slag (CCS) is calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2], which can replace limestone ore for wet flue gas desulfurization, but the desulfurization byproducts of calcium sulfite particles are small because of the strong alkalinity of CCS, which may affect the oxidation of calcium sulfite and the crystallization of calcium sulfate (CaSO4). The effects of different process conditions on particle size, oxidation rate, water content, and microcosmic appearance in the process of calcium sulfate oxidation and gypsum crystallization were systematically investigated, and the optimal process condition (calcium sulfate content of 5 g/L, aeration rate of 400 mL/min, initial pH value of 5.5, reaction temperature of 40℃, and reaction time of 4 h) was obtained. The byproduct of desulfurization gypsum (mainly calcium sulfate dihydrate) with large particle size, low water content, high purity, and uniform appearance was obtained under the optimal condition, which is conducive to the subsequent resource utilization of desulfurization gypsum. The leaching sequence of each element in the CCS under the actual operating pH conditions of the CCS slurry (acidic conditions) is Na>Ca>Mg>Si>Fe>Al. The effects of impurities of Na, Mg, Si, Fe, and Al in the CCS on the oxidation process of calcium sulfate and the crystallization of calcium sulfate were investigated under the above optimal reaction condition. The results indicated that Mg, Si, and Fe in the CCS had a significant promotion effect on the oxidation rate of calcium sulfate, while Al and Na in the CCS inhibited the oxidation of calcium sulfate. At the same time, the addition of Si impurity had almost no effect on the crystallization of calcium sulfate, the addition of the impurities of Mg, Fe, and Na had less effect on the crystallization of calcium sulfate, and the addition of Al impurity had a significant adverse effect on the crystallization of calcium sulfate. In this study, the CCS-based calcium sulfate was used as the raw material, and the study of calcium sulfate oxidation and gypsum crystallization was carried out, providing theoretical guidance for the forced oxidation process in the actual industrial desulfurization. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on preparation of magnetic activated carbon and its application in water treatment Qianyu WANG Yuming ZHANG Yanbin CUI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (3): 259-272.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223228 Abstract （376）   HTML （21）    PDF （2257KB）（268）       Knowledge map    Save Activated carbon (AC) has the characteristics of high specific surface area, porosity, abundant surface functional groups and chemical stability, and these advantages make it a widely used adsorbent in water treatment. After being exhausted (saturated adsorption contaminants), the spent AC needs to be separated from aquatic systems and regenerated which is conductive to materials recycling. However, it is difficult to efficiently separate the powder AC saturated adsorption contaminants from aquatic systems by traditional separation methods (gravitational sedimentation, centrifugation, filtration, and flotation), and the disadvantages for these methods root in many aspects including time-consuming, high-cost, and low separation efficiency. These limit the wide application of activated carbon in the field of water treatment to some extent. Magnetic modification treatment on AC can provide a magnetic activated carbon (MAC) which possesses better performances reflecting in higher adsorption capacity, and can be easier, rapid and efficient separation through external magnetic fields. At the same time, MAC has good catalytic activity, which is useful for enhancing the capability of advanced oxidation process to efficiently degrade organic pollutants in aquatic systems. Therefore, MAC has broad application prospects in the field of water treatment. This work mainly introduces the preparation methods (co-precipitation method, thermochemical method, and mechanical milling method), microstructure and physicochemical properties (specific surface area, pore structure, magnetism, crystal and chemical structure, surface charge) of MAC. The research progress of MAC in wastewater treatment in recent years is reviewed, consisting of organic pollutant removal, heavy metal removal and other applications. The adsorption characteristics (adsorption isotherms and adsorption dynamics) and corresponding influencing factors (adsorption temperature, solution pH, and coexisting ions) are summarized in details. And the regeneration methods of AC are investigated comprehensively. In the end, the development and prospect of the application of MAC in water treatment are also discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Cover and Contents The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (9): 0-.   Abstract （121）      PDF （4613KB）（268）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics

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Experiment and DEM numerical simulation of mixing power of ultrafine powder based on similarity theory Hui CHEN Xuedong LIU Wenming LIU Weiwen ZHENG Honghong ZHANG Kaixin LÜ The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (11): 1506-1517.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222421 Abstract （280）   HTML （5）    PDF （2454KB）（264）       Knowledge map    Save In order to study the correlation between the stirring power characteristics of ultrafine powder and the operating parameters and the calculation expression of stirring power, the problems of difficult calculation and lengthy calculation time in ultrafine powder stirring simulation were solved. The method of combining experimental research and numerical simulation was used to study the variation law of stirring power and torque of the ultrafine powder mixing process in the mechanical powder mixer. The stirring experiment of light calcium carbonate powder with an average particle size of 10.56 μm was carried out, and the operating parameters in the mechanical powder mixer, including the effects of rotational speed, blade position, and material surface height on the stirring power and torque of ultrafine powder were studied, and the expression of power calculation was obtained. Using the similar principle, the fine particles of the powder were enlarged, and the virtual experiments were carried out on the enlarged coarse particles to obtain the contact parameters. The DEM numerical simulation of the coarse particle stirring process was carried out, and the results of the simulated stirring power and torque were compared with the experimental results. The results showed that the mixing power consumption of ultrafine powder in the mechanical powder mixer was closely related to the parameters of the rotational speed, blade position, material surface height and so on. At the same time, the torque value and power value were positively correlated with rotational speed and material surface height, and negatively correlated with the blade position. The ratios of simulated torque value and power value to experimental torque value and power value were basically consistent with the particle amplification factor, which verified the accuracy of the similar principle applied to study the influence of blade position and material surface height on the stirring power characteristics. Related Articles | Metrics

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A review on current status and carbon accounting of recycling and reusing of spent power batteries Zhiying LAI Wenbin LAI Chuyuan LIN Lingjun HE Hui LIN Fuyu XIAO Qingrong QIAN Jixiang ZHANG Qinghua CHEN Lingxing ZENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (2): 139-150.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223195 Abstract （449）   HTML （13）    PDF （3821KB）（264）       Knowledge map    Save The booming development of the new energy vehicle industry has ed a significant rise in the amount of end-of-life power batteries, which in turn generates a huge amount of solid waste. Reuse of retired power batteries through laddering utilization and recycling can not only realize the resourceful reuse of valuable metals but also reduce carbon emissions and production costs. As an important part of developing the circular economy and promoting the intensive use of resources, the recycling and the resource utilization of power batteries are of great significance to the implementation of the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality strategy and the promotion of the construction of ecological civilization. Currently, a substantial body of literature and information pertaining to retired batteries has been extensively disseminated across the pertinent domains. Consequently, it is imperative to consolidate the pivotal insights within the industry to furnish industry professionals with a comprehensive point of reference. Overall, based on the current situation of the industry, the main purpose of this review is to discuss the environmental and economic impacts of the different recycling and reusing methods for retired batteries from the perspectives of the recycling process. By analyzing the current situation of recycling and summarizing the progress of research, an accounting method for carbon emissions from decommissioned power batteries is proposed, and then it is pointed out the necessity and feasibility of recycling. The aim of this review is to provide new insights into building waste-free cities and achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality target. It is hoped that the battery recycling industry will be able to realize healthy and orderly development in the future under the macro-control of the country, combined with efficient and eco-friendly retired battery recycling technology and relevant standards and norms. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research process of multivesicular liposomes Xing FAN Hua YUE Xiaojun WANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (10): 1371-1380.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222431 Abstract （467）   HTML （16）    PDF （2032KB）（259）       Knowledge map    Save Since 1983, multivesicular liposomes (MVLs), as a member of the liposome family, have been of interest in the biomaterials and medical fields. MVLs have multiple aqueous compartments separated by phospholipid bilayers and an internal aqueous phase of up to 90%. They also have the advantages of reducing the number of injections, extending the duration of drug action, and improving patient compliance. So far, most of the MVLs reported in the literature are above 10 μm in size and have made good progress mainly in the encapsulation of analgesic drugs. This review provides an overview of the preparation methods, characterization methods, and drug release mechanisms of MVLs that have been reported in the literature in the last decade. There are relatively several methods for preparing MVLs, including the double emulsification method, spray atomization technique, and electroforming method. Currently, the main characterization methods used for MVLs are optical/fluorescent confocal imaging, scanning electron microscopy imaging, determination of particle size distribution, entrapment efficiency, and determination of zeta potential. Because of the large volume of the internal aqueous phase of MVLs and the high hydrophilic drug encapsulation rate of the internal vesicles, the individual vesicles gradually rupture and the hydrophilic drug gradually gets released during in vitro release, with a three-phase release pattern of sustained release. This review also summarizes the current status of clinical studies and types of commercialized products. At present, the application of MVLs regarding analgesics has reached stages II-IV, and three commercialized formulations have entered the clinic with satisfactory results. Moreover, this review summarizes the current progress in applied research, mainly in the delivery of anticancer drugs, analgesic drugs, and protein peptides. Last but not least, the challenge and prospects regarding small-sized MVLs, diverse biomedical applications, and scale-up strategies are proposed. Related Articles | Metrics

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Research progress on gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume Xin DONG Yinuo LIU Chen YE Jianwei ZHANG Ying FENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2023, 23 (1): 15-24.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222021 Abstract （470）   HTML （2）    PDF （1035KB）（259）       Knowledge map    Save Bubble plume is a complex gas-liquid two-phase flow, which is widely used in industrial fields such as wastewater treatment, petroleum processing, environmental protection. The complex flow characteristics of bubble plume are very important for gas-liquid mass, momentum transfer and its industrial application. In this work, the flow characteristics of bubble plume in theoretical and experimental research are analyzed and summarized. The effects of different operating and structural parameters on the hydraulic characteristics such as gas holdup, bubble size distribution, plume width and oscillation are discussed. The simulation methods of observing and capturing the flow characteristics of bubble plume are summarized. In addition, due to the wide application of bubble plume, it is also very important to measure the bubble velocity distribution quickly and accurately. With the rapid development of digital image recognition technology, the combination of high-speed camera and digital image recognition technology provides an effective, intuitive and accurate method for bubble plume velocity. The prediction models and empirical formulas of hydraulic parameters such as gas holdup and bubble diameter are summarized, and the different applicable conditions of the models and formulas are listed. In the practical application of bubble plume, the structural morphology and flow characteristics of bubble plume change due to the complexity of environmental fluid (such as transverse flow in environmental fluid and stratification due to density and temperature difference of environmental fluid). Therefore, the research progress of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume in complex environment fluid is presented. The variation of bubble plume flow pattern and the effect of plume destratification in stratified fluid are summarized. The migration behavior and motion of plume in transverse flow environment are analyzed. Finally, the limitations of research methods and theoretical methods of gas-liquid two-phase flow characteristics of bubble plume are discussed. The multi-scale research direction of bubble plume motion law is proposed in further. Related Articles | Metrics