Volumn Content

The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering 2024 Vol.24 Please wait a minute... For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails Select Cover and Contents The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 0-.   Abstract （89）      PDF （3123KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on multi-objective comprehensive evaluation of urban wastewater treatment processes Han CUI Yuting WANG Huajie LI Di ZHANG Longyi LÜ Zhijun REN Zhi SUN Pengfei WANG Xiaoyang LIU Li SUN Guangming ZHANG Wenfang GAO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 1-16.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223037 Abstract （236）   HTML （10）    PDF （4095KB）（192）       Knowledge map    Save With the rapid development of the wastewater treatment industry, various treatment technologies emerge in endlessly, which have largely solved the pollution problem and caused environmental impacts. In order to select more efficient wastewater treatment technologies, various evaluation methods have been applied in the wastewater treatment industry under the background of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization. This review summarizes the current research situation of environmental and economic impact evaluation which are widely used in urban wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and proposes the "5E" assessment system based on the existing research. At present, the assessment system mainly focuses on the environmental impact assessment based on life cycle assessment, focusing on the impact of eutrophication potential, global warming potential, and energy consumption on traditional and unconventional wastewater treatment technologies in WWTP. Economic evaluation is mainly divided into cost and benefit evaluation. Through the analysis of cost and profit in economic evaluation, the energy cost is very important in each treatment process, where the recovery and utilization of biogas can effectively improve the profit. In addition, carbon footprint assessment and organic contaminants toxicity evaluation have gradually become the research hotspot. In each part of this article, the evaluation of technology in wastewater treatment process is mentioned. At last, the "5E" assessment system (i. e., comprehensive environmental impact assessment, economic evaluation, carbon footprint evaluation, organic contaminants toxicity evaluation, and technology evaluation) is proposed to effectively solve the multi-objective comprehensive assessment problem of the urban WWTP. This research can support the sustainable development of the wastewater treatment industry and the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization targets. Related Articles | Metrics Select Numerical simulation of non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization reactor based on CPFD method Jinfeng SI Ming GONG Xiaojiao JI Xing LIU Xiaoxun MA The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 17-26.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223144 Abstract （240）   HTML （9）    PDF （1924KB）（171）       Knowledge map    Save Non-oxidative methane dehydroaromatization (MDA) is a promising technology for converting methane into high value-added products such as benzene, naphthalene, and hydrogen. The fluidized bed has good mass and heat transfer characteristics and is easy to realize the continuous regeneration of the catalyst, so it is an ideal MDA reactor. The basic research on fluidization in MDA fluidized bed reactors is one of the important links to realize the industrialization of MDA technology. In this work, the coupling model of reactions and hydrodynamics was established, and the fluidized bed reactor of the methane dehydroaromatization catalytic reaction/catalyst regeneration system, which has been constructed by our laboratory, was numerically simulated based on the computational particle fluid dynamics (CPFD) method. Then, the simulated values were compared with the corresponding experimental results, which validated the feasibility of CPFD simulation. Through simulation, the overall gas-solid flow state, the concentration distribution of each component in the gas phase and the catalyst carbon deposition content distribution were predicted. Finally, the effects of different operating conditions such as methane feed flow and catalyst retention in the reactor on the gas-solid two-phase flow and methane dehydroaromatization reaction performance were investigated. The results showed that the increase of methane feed flow rate reduced the methane conversion and improve the selectivity of aromatic products. Increasing the catalyst retention in the reactor can improve the methane conversion, meanwhile, it also made the axial and radial non-uniformity of the gas-solid two-phase distribution in the gas-solid reactor more significant, resulting in increased gas backmixing and lower the aromatic selectivity. This work would deepen the understanding of the gas-solid flow patterns inside the MDA fluidized bed reactor and provide some valuable data support for the industrial reactor scale-up of this technology. Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of ore-coke coupling reaction on coke solution loss behavior Jiawei HAN Yang SUN Minghui DOU Rui GUO Zhang SUN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 27-35.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223117 Abstract （289）   HTML （2）    PDF （2960KB）（97）       Knowledge map    Save The carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals has proposed higher standards for the low carbon ironmaking of blast furnace. The evaluation of coke quality from the ore-coke coupling reaction is of great significance for understanding the reaction behavior of coke in blast furnace and reducing the carbon emission of blast furnace. To investigate the solution loss behavior of coke during the ore-coke coupling reaction, the ore-coke coupling experiment on two kinds of coke with different thermal properties with sinter and pellet were carried out by the home-made supported large-scale thermogravimetric detector. The carbon solution loss rate of coke and the ore reduction degree during reaction were analyzed, and the size, optical textures, and pore structures of cokes before and after the reaction were measured. The results showed that the total weight loss ratio of the coke-pellet coupling reaction was more than that of the coke-sinter coupling reaction, and the carbon solution loss rate of coke had a positive correlation with the reduction degree of ore. The slope k value of the fitting linear equation was proposed as the coupling reaction parameter to characterize the ore-coke coupling degree, and the k values of the coupling reactions between cokes and pellet were about 1.94~2.69 times higher than that of cokes and sinter, which indicated that improving the reducibility of ore can increase the coupling degree of the ore-coke co-reaction. Also, the greater coupling degree could aggravate the erosion of the pore wall on the surface of cokes and increased the solution loss and shrinkage degree of cokes, but it can weaken the erosion of the internal optical structures for cokes by the ore-coke coupling reaction. However, improving the reactivity of coke could reduce the k value of the ore-coke coupling reaction, and the coupling degree of the ore-coke co-reaction was weakened, which can mitigate the effect of ore-coke coupling reaction on the erosion of coke pores and reduce the solution loss and shrinkage degree of coke, but it can aggravate the erosion of the internal optical structure for cokes. Therefore, matching the performance of coke and ore can get the higher coupling degree of the ore-coke co-reaction, which can weaken the degradation of coke strength, and improve the efficiency of blast furnace. Related Articles | Metrics Select Reaction mechanism and process optimization of hydrogenolysis of hydrodebenzylation of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexabenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane Zijie GUO Bin ZHANG Jie CHEN Xin FENG Guilong WANG Weipeng ZHANG Chao YANG Wanqin JIN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 36-46.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223070 Abstract （287）   HTML （11）    PDF （3080KB）（198）       Knowledge map    Save The key step in the preparation of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW) is the formation of hydrogenolysis of 2,6,8,12-tetraacetyl-4,10-dibenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (TADBIW) by hydrogenolysis of hydrodebenzylation of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexabenzyl-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane (HBIW) with a palladium-based catalyst in the presence of hydrogen. Due to the instability of HBIW, the caged structure of HBIW disintegrated easily in high temperature and acid environment, which was unable to be directly nitrified to synthesize HNIW. Therefore, hydrogenolysis debenzylation of HBIW is basically inevitable. In this process, hydrogenolysis debenzylation and acetylation occur simultaneously, the C-N bond is hydrogenated on the catalyst, and the subsequently formed amine is acetylated with the acetic anhydride. However, the process is complex and has many intermediate products. Current research is mainly focused on the development of new types of catalysts, with little knowledge of the dynamics and mechanisms of the reaction. This study established a new HPLC analysis method, and the concentration changes of raw materials and intermediates could be observed in the same chromatogram. Based on this, the effect of cosolvent and PhBr content on the hydrogenolysis reaction was studied. The reaction temperature was raised to 65℃, the reaction time was shortened to less than 1 h, and the yield reached 78.90%. Based on the optimal reaction conditions, the kinetics of the hydrogen dehumidification process at the reaction temperature of 18~45℃ were studied, and the concentration change law of each intermediate and reaction product in the reaction process was obtained through quantitative analysis and was inferred that the later stage was mainly acetylating. The process of converting raw materials into intermediates follows first-order reaction kinetics. The intermediate produces the product, following zero-order reaction kinetics; the apparent activation energies were Ea1=62.43 kJ/mol and Ea2=52.80 kJ/mol, respectively. The predigital factors were A1=6.81×109 min-1, A2=5.91×108 mmoL/min; The linear correlation coefficients were R12=0.99181, R22=0.98897. The continuous synthesis method was further developed, and the yield of TADBIW could reach 95.89% at a reaction temperature of 70℃ and a residence time of 4 min. Related Articles | Metrics Select Coal gasification slag modification process and its adsorption performance for Cd2+ Ying XU Xinyi YAO Yonghong SONG Yiping SUN Jingjing ZOU Chunbin GUO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 47-57.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222479 Abstract （222）   HTML （6）    PDF （5035KB）（90）       Knowledge map    Save Modified coal gasification slag (MCGS) adsorption material was prepared by hydrothermal method, by NaOH activation to remove Cd2+ from aqueous solution. Due to the low Cd2+ adsorption capacity of coal gasification slag (CGS), the modification conditions were optimized by Box-Behnken response surface method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the presence of amorphous "steamed bread" SiO2 and residual carbon peaks in the range of 15°~30° in the coal gasification slag (CGS). These peaks had broad diffraction patterns. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that MCGS contained stretching and bending vibration peaks for the Si-O-T bond (where T is either Al or Si), indicating that the modified Si-O-Si bond had been broken and the vibration peak had increased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the CGS mainly consisted of microbeads with smooth surfaces and flocculent or flaky blocks. The surface of the MCGS had an abundance of pores, with a specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of 255.08 m2/g, 0.24 cm3/g, and 3.72 nm, respectively. The modification results showed that the best reaction conditions of MCGS were basicity 6.20%~8.10%, temperature 102~108℃, and time 138~192 min, and the temperature was the greatest influence on Cd2+ adsorption performance of MCGS. The adsorption results showed that when the concentration of Cd2+ was 50 mg/L and the dosage of MCGS was 0.10 g, the saturated adsorption capacity of Cd2+ was 13.96 mg/g; when the concentration of Cd2+ was 40 mg/L and the dosage of MCGS was 0.20 g, the removal rate of Cd2+ was 98.08%. The adsorption of Cd2+ on modified coal gasification slag follows a quasi second-order kinetic model, indicating that the adsorption of Cd2+ by MCGS was mainly chemical adsorption. The isothermal adsorption of Cd2+ onto the modified slag can be described well by the Langmuir model, indicating a monolayer adsorption process. This study can provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of Cd2+ wastewater with alkali-modified coal gasification slag. Related Articles | Metrics Select Study on dissolution of heavy metals from lead and zinc smelting waste acid slag Kai QIAN Shili ZHENG Ying ZHANG Hongming ZHOU Fen JIAO Shimin CHEN Shan QIAO Xing ZOU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 58-70.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222439 Abstract （190）   HTML （9）    PDF （10827KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save The heavy metal-containing waste acid slag generated in the lead and zinc smelting industry poses a considerable environmental risk. And at the same time it is also a resource. The purification of the calcium sulfate matrix is the first step for the downstream resource utilization of the slag. In this work, a comprehensive phase and composition analysis was carried out on the waste acid slag, and the distribution characteristics of the heavy metals and calcium sulfate in the slag were obtained. Then the effects of heating time, temperature and sulfuric acid concentration on the leaching rate of key elements such as Fe, Zn, As, Pb, Cd, and Sb were studied, and the dissolution rule of these key elements in acid medium was systematically explored. What's more, based on the general relationship between the crystal phase of calcium sulfate and the water activity and temperature, the effects of the phase transition as a result of the water activity regulation at atmospheric pressure or the hydrothermal environment in acidic medium on the dissolution of the metals were studied. The results showed that the effect was ideal when the heating time was 2 h, the heating temperature was 80℃, and the concentration of sulfuric acid was 1.0 mol/L. And the leaching rates of As, Zn, Sb, Cd, and Fe under the optimal conditions were all over 95%, with the leached CaSO4?2H2O residue showing smooth surface and in flake and rod mixed morphologies. Reducing the activity of water in the medium and hydrothermal conditions can promote the rotation of calcium sulfate. The dissolution of heavy metals in or between the crystal lattices of calcium sulfate can be further enhanced, assisted by the crystal transformation. As a consequence, the strengthened dissolution technology based on the crystal transformation of calcium sulfate is an effective way to purify the calcium sulfate matrix deeply. Related Articles | Metrics Select Experimental study on precipitation behavior of kish graphite during cooling of molten iron Yu GU Xuzhong GONG Xi LAN Lei GUO Zhancheng GUO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 71-78.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223116 Abstract （194）   HTML （2）    PDF （4540KB）（71）       Knowledge map    Save The kish graphite separated from molten iron is a kind of sustainable resource. Because of the huge production of pig iron, this method of recovering kish graphite from molten iron has a broad prospect. In this work, the effects of blowing argon into the molten iron, different initial temperatures, and different cooling rates of molten iron on the precipitation behavior of kish graphite were investigated using scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and Raman techniques. The results showed that blowing argon into molten iron can effectively promote the floating and separation of kish graphite precipitated from molten iron. The initial temperature of molten iron had a significant effect on the amount and size of kish graphite precipitation, which mainly manifested that the higher the initial temperature, the flatter and smoother the surface of kish graphite, and the larger the size of precipitation, and the larger the amount of precipitation. The larger the cooling rate was, the less the amount of kish graphite precipitated and the smaller the kish graphite size was, and the kish graphite with a larger size can be obtained at a slower cooling rate. In addition, the precipitated kish graphite was used as lithium-ion anode material, which showed excellent cyclic stability and high specific capacity. In conclusion, kish graphite with different surface structures and sizes can be obtained by controlling the process conditions, which proved the feasibility of obtaining kish graphite by cooling molten iron. On this base, two new kish graphite production processes were proposed to provide a theoretical reference for the industrialization of kish graphite precipitated from molten iron. Related Articles | Metrics Select Preparation and biological safety evaluation of surface modified PET reticular fiber scaffold materials Yang LI Jianping GAO Yang ZHANG Qing PENG Yi GAO Guifeng ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 79-86.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.222462 Abstract （185）   HTML （5）    PDF （1240KB）（53）       Knowledge map    Save Using ammonia as plasma gas, the surface of synthetic polymer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) scaffold material was treated with low-temperature plasma, and a kind of reticular fiber scaffold material with improved hydrophilicity and biocompatibility was obtained. The material was characterized physically and chemically by XPS photoelectron spectroscopy, water contact angle, electron microscopy, and BET-specific surface area measurement. At the same time, hepatocytes were cultured to measure their biocompatibility, and in vitro cytotoxicity, intradermal reaction, and skin sensitization tests were carried out to evaluate their biological safety. The results showed that after low-temperature plasma treatment, N element was introduced into PET material. Compared with that before treatment, the percentage of O/C elements decreased by 2.05 percentage points, and the percentage of N/C elements increased by 2.10 percentage points. The water contact angle decreased from 123.32° to 30.55°, and the hydrophilicity was significantly improved. The surface roughness of PET material was increased after plasma treatment, and the specific surface area of the material was 0.37 m2/g. Plasma treatment can improve the biocompatibility of PET materials and promote C3A cell adhesion and proliferation. Compared with the untreated group, the treated group showed better biological activity. At the same time, PET-LTPT had good biological safety. MTT cytotoxicity assay in vitro showed that the cell survival rate of the PET-LTPT extract group was 135.82%, higher than that of the negative control group and blank group. It indicated that PET-LTPT material had no cytotoxicity in vitro. The results of the intradermal reaction test showed that the difference between the average score of PET-LTPT in different extraction media and the control group was less than 1.0, and there was no intradermal reaction. The skin sensitization test results showed that the PET-LTPT scaffold material did not produce delayed-type hypersensitivity to guinea pig skin. PET-LTPT is a potential three-dimensional liver tissue culture scaffold material for the bioartificial liver. Related Articles | Metrics Select Machine learning and process modeling of high moisture biomass gasification in downdraft gasifier Fenglei QI Zhen WANG Guoqing LU Xiaohao LIU Qi DANG Peiyong MA The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 87-96.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223114 Abstract （266）   HTML （8）    PDF （4384KB）（160）       Knowledge map    Save Biomass gasification is a potential pathway for thermochemically generating renewable producer gas, which serves as a good substitute fuel in heating and electricity section and is beneficial to the reduction of greenhouse gas emission. Biomass feedstock varies significantly in its composition, especially the content of moisture, posing a challenge for biomass gasification process design and operation in practice, however few research were carried out to elucidate the gasification principles of biomass with different moisture content. In this research, the effects of moisture content and process parameters on biomass gasification characteristics including syngas quality and energy balance are investigated by adopting machine learning and process modeling approaches. The prediction accuracy of the two approaches is first validated by comparing with experimental data. The obtained results indicate that the moisture content of biomass has a great negative impact on the low heating value (LHV) of produced gas, but does not significantly affect the carbon conversion efficiency (CCE) in the downdraft gasifier. The LHV of the produced gas decreases when the air equivalence rate (ER) increases due to the increment of carbon dioxide in the producer gas, but CCE increases with the increase of ER. The energy balance analysis suggests that ER increase with the increment of moisture content in biomass in order to maintain energy balance of the system. Pretreatment of biomass by drying is favorable to maintaining the quality of syngas, but the tradeoff is to consume a certain amount of producer gas to supply heat for the drying process. The consumption rate of the producer gas increases as the moisture content of biomass goes up, which is characterized by a nearly linear increase with the moisture content in the range of 20wt%~60wt% and an exponentially increment as the moisture content goes up beyond 60wt%. The current research provides fundamental insights on gasification characteristics of biomass with different moisture contents. Related Articles | Metrics Select Experimental study on atomization dust removal based on chemical wetting Shuoxin WANG Haiying LI Junya ZHANG Shaoqian LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 97-106.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223086 Abstract （169）   HTML （2）    PDF （4354KB）（61）       Knowledge map    Save In view of the problems of nozzle clogging, large water consumption, uneven droplet size, and high energy consumption in the traditional wet atomization dust removal process, it was necessary to study the atomization characteristics of the dual-media nozzle used and its dust removal efficiency. The atomization dust removal method based on chemical wetting was studied, and the effects of wetting agent type, nozzle outlet structure, gas-liquid ratio and other factors on the removal efficiency of fine particles in converter flue gas in steel production process were analyzed. Firstly, the principle of wetting agent and the mechanism of water mist dust removal were analyzed. The effects of nozzle structure, gas-liquid ratio, and atomizing medium on atomization characteristics were experimentally studied. It was found that adding anionic wetting agents sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), nonionic wetting agents Trayton (TX-100), and Tween 20 (TW-20) in water can reduce the surface tension of the solution, of which SDS solution has the best wettability. With the increase of the wetting agent concentration, the SDS solution better reduced the surface tension of the solution and enhanced the primary atomization. During the atomization process, the dust reduction rate of the cone nozzle on PM10 can reach 41.91%. The droplet diameter gradually decreased as the gas-liquid pressure ratio increased, the droplet size of porous structure nozzle was smaller and more uniform compared with cone and sector nozzles. When the gas-liquid pressure ratio was 1.25, the atomization droplet SMD (Sauter Mean Diameter) of 0.05wt% SDS solution can reach 64.53 μm. The dust reduction rates of PM2.5 and PM10 can reach 74.28% and 76.41%. The research results can provide basic support for the pre-treatment and efficient dust removal technology of fine dust in traditional heavy industry such as steel, power, and building materials, and are of great significance for the efficient removal of PM2.5 and PM10. Related Articles | Metrics Select Intrinsic kinetics of CO methanation over spherical Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with high attrition resistance Shuo ZHANG Yu GUAN Yuanjiang YOU Junrong YUE Shihong PEI Yanbin CUI Jiao LIU Guangwen XU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 107-116.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223080 Abstract （286）   HTML （14）    PDF （1827KB）（172）       Knowledge map    Save Carbon monoxide and hydrogen can be used to synthesize methane with catalyst application and this reaction is used in the field of coal to substitute natural gas, coke oven gas to liquid natural gas, and biomass synthesis gas to optimize the energy structure in China. Compared with fixed bed, the fluidized bed methanation technology adopting spherical catalyst with small diameters shows obvious superiority in activity and heat transfer efficiency due to the fast surface reaction characteristics of highly exothermic CO methanation. Based on the developed spherical Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with high attrition resistance, the intrinsic kinetics of CO methanation were tested in a differential fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure to reveal the reaction mechanism and route. The formation rates of CH4 at different ratios of CO/H2 and reaction temperatures were calculated on the premise of eliminating internal and external diffusion and controlling the CO conversion to less than 15% by decreasing the catalyst amount or increasing the gas feed rate. Then data fitting was conducted based on the power kinetic model and hyperbolic kinetic model, respectively. The results based on the power dynamics model showed that with the increase of reaction temperature from 260℃ to 350℃, the activation energy gradually decreased from 145.99 kJ/mol to 123.54 kJ/mol, the reaction order of CO changed from -1.22 to 0.34, and the reaction order of H2 increased from 0.31 to 2.28. To further analyze the methanation mechanisms, the rate-determining steps were assumed based on the hyperbolic dynamics model according to the effect of CO and H2 concentration on the reaction rate at different temperature ranges. As the rate determining step at 260~280℃ was assumed to be H2 dissociation, at 280~310℃ was the hydrogenation of CO and at 310~350℃ was the hydrogenation of carbon intermediate. The R2 of the hyperbolic rate equations obtained were all greater than 0.99, which indicated that the rate determining step of methanation would change with the temperature. Related Articles | Metrics Select Construction of Z-scheme CeO2/Bi2WO6 heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride Pingping WU Guanhua MENG Yu DU Baohe LIU Xu SHI Rui ZHOU Yongbin JIANG Huijuan ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (1): 117-126.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223053 Abstract （192）   HTML （4）    PDF （4390KB）（114）       Knowledge map    Save Tetracycline hydrochloride (TC), as a broad-spectrum antibiotic, is widely used in clinical medicine, animal husbandry, and aquaculture. It makes a large amount of TC wastewater discharged into the aquatic environment and ultimately endangers human health through the food chain. As an advanced oxidation technology, photocatalysis has significant advantages in refractory wastewater treatment. In this study, Bi2WO6 was prepared by the hydrothermal method, and the composite CeO2/Bi2WO6 was synthesized by doping appropriate CeO2 in Bi2WO6. The crystal structure, morphological characteristics, and light absorption performance were characterized. The results showed that the CeO2/Bi2WO6 ratio, catalyst dosage, initial concentration of TC, and initial pH value of the solution had a significant impact on the catalytic degradation of TC by photocatalysis under visible light. The formation of CeO2/Bi2WO6 heterojunction could effectively improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby greatly enhancing photoactivity. When the molar ratio of CeO2/Bi2WO6 was 1:3, the initial pH value was 5, the initial concentration of TC was 8 mg/L, and the dosage of CeO2/Bi2WO6 was 0.4 g/L, the removal rate of TC and TOC of the solution could reach up 90.7% and 64.3%, respectively. The possible photocatalytic degradation mechanism of TC over CeO2/Bi2WO6 was proposed according to the results of the free radical captured experiment and the potential value of the conduction band and valence band of the catalyst. After six cycle experiments, the removal rate of TC by CeO2/Bi2WO6 catalyst could still reach 86.4%. Related Articles | Metrics Select Cover and Contents The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 0-.   Abstract （94）      PDF （33607KB）（48）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress on dissolution behavior of drugs based on the drug-excipient interaction Kunwang SONG Yewei DING Chen SHEN Haomin WU Yuanhui JI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1127-1136.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224021 Abstract （236）   HTML （20）    PDF （840KB）（63）       Knowledge map    Save Pharmaceutical excipients, also known as "inactive ingredients", are other components in pharmaceutical preparations besides active ingredients. Pharmaceutical excipients are an indispensable and important component in pharmaceutical preparations, and they can significantly affect the release performance of pharmaceutical preparations by forming drug excipient interactions, which is crucial for the effectiveness and safety of pharmaceutical preparations. The development of high-end preparations also puts higher requirements on excipients. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the mechanism by which excipients in high-end formulations affect the quality of drug formulations. Although the addition of excipients can enhance the release and bioavailability of active ingredients in drugs, improve and maintain drug stability, achieve controllable targeted release of drugs, and act as masking and sweeteners to improve drug bioavailability and patient adherence, more and more studies have shown that excipients can produce physiological activity and affect drug pharmacokinetics, causing adverse reactions such as allergies or intolerance. Large amounts of ingested excipients may also inhibit drug release by interacting with drugs. This review briefly describes the impact mechanisms of commonly used excipients on drug release from the perspective of drug excipient interactions, such as polymers and mesoporous silica. At the same time, it summarizes the research progress of excipient controlled drug release mechanisms based on mathematical models, molecular simulations, and machine learning methods based on drug excipient interactions, and proposes the development direction of future pharmaceutical excipient database establishment for high-throughput screening of suitable pharmaceutical excipients. Determine the optimal drug loading and excipient addition, and provide data support and theoretical guidance for selecting appropriate production processes. Related Articles | Metrics Select Recent advances of kinetic promoters for the formation of light hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide hydrates Xiaomei YANG Peng XIAO Changyu SUN Guangjin CHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1137-1148.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223332 Abstract （170）   HTML （5）    PDF （1331KB）（94）       Knowledge map    Save Hydrate-based carbon sequestration in deep ocean is a highly promising way for carbon sequestration. The formation of carbon dioxide hydrate is the basis of hydrate-based carbon sequestration. However, the formation rate of gas hydrate is very slow without human intervention. Among the methods that intensify gas hydrate formation, the use of kinetic promoters has been proven to be the most effective one. Though the kinetic promoters have been extensively and deeply studied, they are mainly used for intensifying the formation of light hydrocarbons hydrates, which is the basis of hydrate-based industrial technologies, such as hydrate-based gas storage and gas separation. However, the kinetic promoters that is suitable for the formation of light hydrocarbons hydrates are not necessarily suitable for the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate. Therefore, in order to find out the most effective kinetic promoters to intensify the formation of carbon dioxide hydrate, it is necessary to distinguish the kinetic promoters of carbon dioxide hydrate from that of light hydrocarbon hydrates. Aiming at the intensification of the formation of carbon dioxide gas hydrate, the evolution and the current research status of kinetic promoters are reviewed. The effects of different kinetic promoters on the formation of the same gas hydrate, and the effects of the same kinetic promoter on the formation of above two kinds of gas hydrates are compared. The different effects of kinetic promoters on promoting light hydrocarbons hydrates and carbon dioxide hydrate are revealed. Based on the research status of the kinetic promoters, the study of the intensification mechanisms of the kinetic promoters on different gas hydrates, the establishment of the criteria for assessing the kinetic promoters, the enhancement of the removal of the formation heat of gas hydrates, and the further improvement on intensifying gas hydrate formation are proposed, to provide new methods for the practical application of hydrate-based carbon sequestration. Related Articles | Metrics Select Experimental analysis of enhanced absorption of CO2 by NaOH solution in Kenics static mixer Yanfang YU Henglei YU Huibo MENG Puyu ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1149-1157.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224110 Abstract （193）   HTML （7）    PDF （2644KB）（99）       Knowledge map    Save The carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals has been concerned, and the current global warming problem caused by excessive carbon dioxide emissions is very serious. In order to alleviate global ecological problems and better achieve the dual-carbon strategy, the research and development of carbon dioxide capture technology is indispensable. In order to enrich the application of static mixers in the field of carbon dioxide absorption, Kenics static mixer (KSM) was used as the enhanced reaction equipment. Based on sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and carbon dioxide (NaOH-CO2) system, the absorption efficiency of carbon dioxide concentration in the range of 25%~33% volume concentration was analyzed using KSM and empty tube structures under different sampling positions and gas-liquid flow rates. The absorption efficiency of carbon dioxide was measured by automatic potentiometric titration. The absorption performance of the KSM structure was compared with that of the empty pipe. The results showed that the maximum absorption efficiency of CO2 in KSM was 72.3% higher than that of the empty pipe. The absorption efficiency of CO2 decreased with the increase of the liquid phase flow rate (QL) at a certain gas phase flow rate (QG) in the empty pipe structure. In contrast, the absorption efficiency of CO2 increased with the increase of QL when KSM elements were installed in the pipe. The volume energy dissipation rate (ε) of KSM structure was analyzed, and it was concluded that the minimum ε was 4.85 m2/s3 when the CO2 absorption efficiency reached more than 90%. The ε increased by 14.7% when total gas-liquid flow rate (QT) varied from 20 L/min to 22 L/min at QG=6 L/min from the first sampling point (Z1) to second sampling point (Z2) in the pipeline. However, the ε increased by 7.83% when QT changed in the same range at QL=14 L/min. The results showed that the change of ε was more affected by QL than QG, and the system energy consumption and reaction were more obvious from Z1 to Z2 in the pipeline. When the gas superficial velocity (UG) was constant, the Darcy friction coefficient (f) decreased with the increase of the liquid superficial velocity (UL), and when the UL was constant, the f decreased with the increase of the UG. The empirical correlation among the UG, UL, and f was obtained by fitting the experimental data with R2=0.999, the correlation deviation ranged from -0.88% to 0.82%. Related Articles | Metrics Select Influence of interfacial height on separation effect of gravity oil-water separators Aobang DING Zongyong WANG Zhanhua XU Ding WANG Lixun MA Ming SUN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1158-1165.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224011 Abstract （152）   HTML （2）    PDF （3061KB）（78）       Knowledge map    Save The height of the separation interface in the gravity oil-water separator determines the volume ratio of the oil and water phases, which affects the height of the oil and water phases floating up or settling down in the separator, and has a direct impact on the separation effect. In order to investigate the influence of the height of separation interface on the separation effect of the gravity oil-water separator, numerical simulation is carried out using Fluent software to investigate the separation effect under different inlet flow rates and different water phase outlet flow ratios. The results show that the height of separation interface decreases with the increase of water phase export flow rate, and the lower the oil content in the inlet, the faster the height of separation interface decreases. As the height of separation interface decreases the oil content in the oil phase export gradually increases, and the separation effect is the best when the separation interface is in the vicinity of the axis of the separator, and the oil content of oil phase export can be up to 97%~98% under different inlet flow rates. As the height of separation interface decreases, the high-speed region behind the rectifier plate of the separator gradually moves down and the velocity gradient gradually decreases, which improves the velocity uniformity within the polystructure and reduces the influence of the radial velocity on the oil phase export, and thus improves the separation effect. Related Articles | Metrics Select Surface modification and catalytic performance study of Cu-based carbon dioxide to methanol hydrogenation catalyst Qiang YANG Gang WANG Chunshan LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1166-1176.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224059 Abstract （449）   HTML （17）    PDF （3618KB）（254）       Knowledge map    Save Development of effective copper-based catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is of great significance, considering the utilization of this greenhouse gas. In this work, a series of surface promoter-modified (Mn, In, Mo, Mg, Zr) catalyst were synthesized by coprecipitation-post impregnation method and evaluated for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol in fixed-bed reactor. The role of metal modifier on the physicochemical properties of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 (CZA) were investigated through CO2-TPD, XRD, XPS and H2-TPR. In addition, the catalytic mechanism for CO2-to-methanol hydrogenation was revealed by employing in situ IR. The results showed that the Mn-modified CZA with good reduction behavior, excellent CO2 adsorption capacity and suitable Cu+/Cu0 ratio exhibited the best performance. The metal element loaded on catalyst strengthened the interactions between the copper and support, suppressing the growth of Cu. The appropriate Cu+/Cu0 ratio facilitates the stabilization and conversion of methoxy, resulting in increased methanol production. Compared to the untreated CZA catalyst, the Mn-modified catalyst has more medium strong base sites on the surface, which helps to adsorb more CO2 for further hydrogenation to form formate, methoxyl and other intermediates. The incorporation of metal component in CZA facilitated the catalyst reduction ability. The catalytic mechanism follows the formate pathway and the methoxyl species is the crucial intermediate. The Cu nanoparticles on the catalyst surface showed an increased capacity for H2 dissociation when using Mn-modified CZA catalysts. This is due to stronger metal-carrier interactions. The presence of interstitial H in the carriers contributed to the generation of formate species. The dissociated H atoms from the surface Cu nanoparticles replenished the consumed interstitial H. The modified catalyst's interstitial H presence and enhanced H2 dissociation ability accelerated the formation and conversion of intermediate species, promoting methanol generation. Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of burning drops of electrical wires at different heights on the ignition and combustion of typical insulation materials Peng XU Xinjie HUANG Meng ZHANG Hailong DING Shuaishuai WANG Pengyuan ZHANG Gang TANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1177-1185.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224005 Abstract （121）   HTML （1）    PDF （3707KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Save Foam is widely used because of its good properties, but it is flammable and poses a major safety hazard. In this work, the effects of liquid droplets produced by electrical wires at different heights (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) on the ignition of three types of foam insulation materials (EPS, RPUF, RPUF+EG10) were investigated by means of experimental methods, including droplet fall, flame height, flame temperature, and heat changes. The results show that the droplet process of droplets at different heights exhibits different drip phenomena, there is a "flame up" and "flame out" phenomenon. The penetration or combustion behavior of the three foams are positively correlated with the number and height of droplets dropped, EPS foam will be penetrated by high temperature droplets, while RPUF and RPUF+EG10 foam will be ignited by high temperature droplets, and the burning intensity of RPUF foam is much greater than that of RPUF+EG10 foam. The flame height of the wire insulation was inversely affected by the flame height of the RPUF foam surface, with the wire insulation extinguishing at heights of 10, 40, and 50 cm. Also, at the end of the RPUF foam combustion, the droplet flame remained adhered to the carbon layer, producing two temperature peaks during the combustion of the RPUF foam. On the other hand, the RPUF+EG foam formed a small pool fire with temperature stabilisation. In the combustion process, RPUF foam has a heat received increasing zone and a heat stabilisation zone, and the heat emitted from the combustion of the RPUF+EG10 foam will keep increasing with the formation of small pool fires on the foam. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research on the preparation of high tap density trimanganese tetraoxide by precipitation-roasting method Yongbin YANG Xiaoxuan ZHANG Lang LIAO Yinrui DONG Qian LI Yan ZHANG Tao JIANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1186-1195.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224083 Abstract （157）   HTML （6）    PDF （8360KB）（69）       Knowledge map    Save Transition metal oxide trimanganese tetraoxide has been widely utilized in the field of energy storage, particularly in the battery industry, due to its distinctive structural characteristics and physicochemical properties. In recent years, the battery industry has placed higher demands on the product quality of trimanganese tetraoxide, with product tap density being one of the key factors affecting battery material performance. Its magnitude directly impacts the energy density, power density, and safety performance of the battery, while better tap density also contributes to enhancing the battery's cycle stability. During the study, it was found that the roasting system had a significant influence on the tap density of the roasted products. Therefore, to enhance the tap density of trimanganese tetraoxide, this study employed high-purity manganese sulfate as the raw material and ammonia as the precipitating agent to prepare trimanganese tetraoxide with high tap density through the precipitation-roasting method of manganese sulfate solution. The effects of precipitation reaction parameters and thermal system on the tap density of trimanganese tetraoxide were explored, and the morphology, structure, and composition of manganese trioxide products were characterized. The experimental results indicated that under the optimal process conditions, with an ammonia-to-manganese ratio of 3:1, a manganese sulfate concentration of 2.0 mol/L, a roasting temperature of 1150℃, a roasting time of 4 hours, and a forced ventilation roasting atmosphere, the best outcomes were achieved. Under these conditions, the manganese content of trimanganese tetraoxide was 71.91wt%, with a D50 of 10.723 μm and a specific surface area of 1.786 m2/g, exhibiting a spherical morphology. The content of trace elements met the requirements, and the tap density was 2.85 g/cm3, meeting the industry standard for high-purity trimanganese tetraoxide. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research on composition customization strategy and magnetic properties optimization of soft magnetic composite cores based on interfacial solid reaction Rui WANG Hui KONG Haichuan WANG Lejun ZHOU Xi'an FAN Zhaoyang WU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1196-1207.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223366 Abstract （135）   HTML （2）    PDF （8243KB）（24）       Knowledge map    Save Soft magnetic composite cores (SMCs) are considered the most promising electromagnetic conversion device due to their excellent properties, including high saturation magnetisation, high permeability, and relatively low core loss. However, core loss and permeability, as the key performance parameters for the effective operation of electromagnetic devices, are often restricted. Therefore, by adjusting the distribution characteristics of the powder matrix, the insulating layer, and increasing the ferromagnetic filling factor within the soft magnetic composite core, in-situ coating of the insulating layer can be realised, which helps to simultaneously reduce core loss and improve magnetic permeability. In this work, a novel interface solid-phase reaction strategy was designed. Firstly, calcium acetate was uniformly coated on the surface of Fe-Si-Al soft magnetic alloy powder using hydrothermal method. Subsequently, Fe-Si-Al based soft magnetic composite cores were prepared by hot pressing sintering. The effects of sintering temperature and insulation layer phase transition on the morphology, microstructure, and magnetic properties of the prepared soft magnetic composite cores were studied. The results showed that calcium acetate was successfully coated onto Fe-Si-Al alloy powder surface by hydrothermal method, forming a core-shell heterostructure with the Fe-Si-Al alloy powder as the core and calcium acetate as the shell. This provided powder materials for subsequent preparation of soft magnetic composite cores. Raising sintering temperature eliminated internal pores within soft magnetic composite cores while promoting transition from calcium acetate to calcium carbonate to Al2O3?SiO2?CaSiO3, ultimately providing high-quality insulation. The insulating layer of the soft magnetic composite core prepared by high temperature sintering at 850℃ was dense and uniform, and the magnetic dilution effect was minimised. At 10 mT and 100 kHz, the soft magnetic composite core had the highest permeability (67.2), the lowest core loss (9.24×10-5 kW/cm3), and a relatively higher saturation magnetisation (129.0 emu/g), which had the best comprehensive performance, and provided a solution to restrict the reverse relationship between permeability and loss in traditional soft magnetic materials. Therefore, insulation methods based on thermal decomposition and oxidation of organic salt compounds are expected to be an important supplement to the magnetic property optimisation strategy of soft magnetic composite cores based on interfacial solid phase reaction engineering. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research on the process of improving the grade of high-iron red mud from the reductive Bayer process by the alkali hydrothermal and complexation dissolution method Zhipeng HU Ying ZHANG Shili ZHENG Yilin WANG Qiusheng ZHOU Pengcheng QÜ Xing ZOU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1208-1221.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224013 Abstract （133）   HTML （2）    PDF （8746KB）（55）       Knowledge map    Save The resource utilization of red mud is of crucial importance for the sustainable development of the alumina metallurgical industry, and it has also been a major challenge that has long constrained the progress of aluminum metallurgical processes. The breakthrough of the reductive Bayer process has dramatically improved the magnetic separation of iron from red mud and allowed the production of high-iron red mud, which has built the foundation for the co-metallurgy of Fe metal and alumina. However, there are harmful impurities such as Al, Si, and Ti in the high-iron red mud produced from the reductive Bayer process, which have adverse effects on iron smelting. What's more, Fe and Ti are highly isomorphism replaced. This makes it difficult to separate titanium from iron in red mud. This study used high-iron red mud as the raw material and characterized its physicochemical properties. The removal of Al and Si from the red mud by alkali leaching was studied based on the solubility of sodium aluminosilicate in an alkali solution. Under the optimized conditions, their removal was satisfactory; the Si content in the leached red mud was less than 0.1wt%, and the Al content was about 0.21wt%. The occurrence of the stubborn phases of calcium aluminosilicate and alumogoethit determines the leaching conditions for Al and Si. Using the principle of complexation dissolution of Ti, researched the complexation dissolving of titanium from the alkali-hydrothermal treated red mud. The results showed that the mixed system of H2O2, ammonia, and citric acid was capable of complexation dissolving amorphous metatitanic acid, and 21% titanium in the alkali-treated red mud can be complexation dissolved. However, after the alkaline leaching process, a significant portion of titanium in red mud was not yet in a favorable form for complexation dissolution. More future work on the regulation of titanium form and complexation medium is needed. Related Articles | Metrics Select Preparation of high-purity copper by electrochemical recovery of waste cupronickel in choline chloride-glycol deep eutectic solvent Hongda LI Juanjian RU Mingqiang CHENG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1222-1229.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224041 Abstract （180）   HTML （3）    PDF （1783KB）（27）       Knowledge map    Save Waste cupronickel is widely used in many fields, with the increasing demand and consumption of waste cupronickel, a large amount of waste copper alloy has been produced. Although the traditional wet process can remove some insoluble impurities and the working conditions are superior, the process is long and the energy consumption is high. Therefore, this work high-purity copper (Cu) was recovered from waste cupronickel by electrolysis separation at 363 K and 0.1~0.5 V cell voltage in choline chloride-glycol deep eutectic solvent (ChCl-EG DES) with the molar ratio of 1:2 as an electrolyte, waste cupronickel as an anode, and titanium sheet as a cathode. Electrochemical tests exhibited that Cu can be dissolved as monovalent Cu(I) into ChCl-EG DES, and the reduction of Cu(I) at the concentration range of 0.5~2.5 mol/L CuCl was a quasi-reversible process. The calculated Ea of the anode dissolution process was only about 28.361 kJ/mol, indicating that the dissolution process of Cu in ChCl-EG DES was controlled by diffusion. The anode polarization curve implied that Sn was dissolved into the solution first, while the dissolution potential of Ni and Fe was similar to that of Cu, and they were entered into anode slime. The electrolysis experiment showed that when the cell voltage increased, both the DC power consumption and the current efficiency increase accordingly. When the cell voltage was at 0.5 V, the current efficiency of electrochemical recovery of waste cupronickel was as high as 97.20%, and the DC power consumption was 216.94 kWh/t. At higher cell voltage (0.3~0.5 V), the morphology of cathode copper was irregular mass with a particle size of 30~50 μm, and the purity of copper can be obtained at the cathode at 0.4 V cell voltage was as high as 99.95wt%. Related Articles | Metrics Select Performance analysis of flash cascade heat pump drying system with heat recovery Huipeng YANG Kai YE Longxiang CHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1230-1240.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224029 Abstract （155）   HTML （4）    PDF （2010KB）（39）       Knowledge map    Save Addressing the issues of traditional single-stage heat pumps whose efficiency deteriorates rapidly with increased temperature requirements and the significant energy waste caused by direct discharge of residual heat from auxiliary condensers, this work proposes a Heat Recovery Flash Evaporation Cascade Heat Pump Drying System (HR-FCHP) that leverages the benefits of low-temperature drying in the early stages of the process to enhance the external quality of materials. By incorporating the characteristics of a two-stage compression heat pump, this system couples the auxiliary condenser heat recovery with cascaded temperature drying. A thermodynamic model is established and validated using data from published literature. And a comprehensive thermodynamic analysis of the system is conducted to investigate the influence of key parameters on the operational efficiency of the proposed HR-FCHP system. Simultaneously, the proposed system is compared with a single-stage heat pump drying system (SSHP), a basic cascaded heat pump drying system (FCHP), and a parallel condenser heat pump drying system (PCHP) under the same operating conditions. To facilitate the validation of the energy-saving and drying efficiency of the proposed HR-FCHP system, an additional auxiliary condenser heat dissipation subsystem is incorporated into the three comparative heat pump subsystems, all of which feature a closed drying subsystem. This subsystem aims to recover and utilize excess heat for pre-drying the drying materials. The results indicate that the proposed HR-FCHP system has higher energy-saving and drying efficiency compared to the SSHP, FCHP, and PCHP systems. The coefficient of performance for heating (COPh) and specific moisture extraction rate (SMER) of HR-FCHP system are 5.40 and 4.31 kg/kWh, which are 53.85% and 65.77%, 33.00% and 20.73%, and 7.14% and 9.40% higher than the COPh and SMER of the SSHP, FCHP, and PCHP systems, respectively. Additionally, the HR-FCHP system has the lowest initial cost (CIC) at 66400 CNY, and its life cycle cost (CLCC) can be reduced by 69.86%, 40.92%, and 8.57% compared to SSHP, FCHP, and PCHP systems, respectively. This novel heat pump drying system can serve as a theoretical foundation for future experimental research and practical applications. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research on the removal process and mechanism of aluminum/iron impurities from wet phosphoric acid through deep extraction Youzhi DAI Ganyu ZHU Ziheng MENG Huiquan LI Chengjin XU Guoxin SUN Fang LI Lei HE Yongfang ZHANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (10): 1241-1250.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224056 Abstract （225）   HTML （5）    PDF （4480KB）（104）       Knowledge map    Save The presence of impurities in phosphoric acid hinders its application in downstream processes. The development of wet-process phosphoric acid deep purification technology enables the direct preparation of phosphate-based new energy materials through a simplified process, which represents the mainstream direction for industry advancement. The solvent extraction method was employed for the extraction and separation of Al and Fe impurities in wet-process phosphoric acid. The effects of different extractants, temperature, O/A ratio, time, and extractant content on the separation efficiency of Al and Fe impurities were investigated. Optimal conditions were determined as follows: N,N-N-octyl amine di (methylene phenylphosphonic acid) (OADMPPA) extractant, extractant content of 20wt%, time of 3 min, temperature at 25℃, O/A ratio of 1:1 and 3-stage cross-flow extraction. Under these conditions, the extraction rates for Al and Fe reached 54.5% and 99.6%. Consequently, the contents of Al and Fe impurities in phosphoric acid decreased from 0.857wt% and 0.175wt% to 0.717wt% and 0.015wt%. Additionally, the MER value reduced from 9.037% to 7.227%. Further optimization of stripping process of OADMPPA extractant loaded with Al and Fe was carried out, ammonium oxalate was identified as the optimal stripping agent. The optimized stripping conditions were as follows: 25℃, 5-stage cross-flow stripping, O/A ratio of 2:1, time of 15 min, and concentration of the stripping agent at 0.2 mol/L; the stripping efficiencies for loaded extractant Al and Fe reached 96.4% and 88.3%, effectively achieving their separation from the extractant phase. Finally, the mechanism behind Al or Fe extractants was investigated by stoichiometric calculation and Fourier infrared analysis during the extraction process. It was found that during this process, one molecule of Al combined with one-and-a-half molecules of OADMPPA extractant while one molecule of Fe combined with two molecules of OADMPPA extractant; functional groups involved in these interactions included P=O and P-O-H bonds. A competitive mechanism exists in the extraction process between Al and Fe, where Fe is more easily extracted. Related Articles | Metrics Select Cover and Content The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 0-.   Abstract （171）      PDF （2471KB）（24）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics Select Research progress of lithium extraction technology from lepidolite Hong YANG Wei ZHONG Faping ZHONG Jiahui ZHAO Dong LI Lei ZHANG Xueyi GUO The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1251-1262.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224019 Abstract （338）   HTML （14）    PDF （1677KB）（129）       Knowledge map    Save Lithium and its compounds are indispensable materials in modern industry and have important applications in the fields of batteries, ceramics and lubricants. China is rich in lithium resources, most of which occur in salt lake brine. However, due to the limitation of resource endowment and geographical location and climate, its production capacity cannot meet the needs of the rapid development of new energy industry in China, and lithium extraction from ores has become an important source of lithium products. Yichun, Jiangxi province has the largest associated lepidolite resources in China, and the development and utilization of lepidolite resources is of great significance to ensure the sustainable development of lithium resources in China. In this review, the principle, advantages and disadvantages of the existing lithium extraction processes from lepidolite are summarized. Based on the understanding of the existing methods, typical lithium extraction processes from lepidolite such as acid method, alkali method and salt method are summarized and evaluated. Among them, the acid method is mature, but there are some problems such as difficulty in impurity removal from leaching solution, low efficiency in lithium extraction and equipment corrosion. Although the alkali process has high efficiency of extracting lithium, its reaction mechanism is not clear, and the waste residue is difficult to use. Although the salt process has high selectivity to lithium and simple process, it also has the problems of high energy consumption and large amount of slag. The development direction of lepidolite extraction technology should focus on the collaborative treatment of multiple technologies to achieve efficient, economical and environmentally friendly extraction of valuable elements. Therefore, some measures to improve the process are put forward, aiming at providing reference for the future research, development, optimization and industrial application of the process. Related Articles | Metrics Select Numerical simulation of filtration characteristics of flat ceramic membrane Zheng LU Yan AN Yang DENG Ran CHENG Hai LIU Mengkui TIAN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1263-1273.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224044 Abstract （126）   HTML （8）    PDF （4875KB）（40）       Knowledge map    Save Flat ceramic membranes, prized for their corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance, and substantial processing capacity, find extensive applications in the filtration and separation processes of metal and non-metal pulp, such as iron ore, copper ore, and phosphate ore. In pursuit of a comprehensive understanding of the intricate internal flow dynamics inherent to flat ceramic membranes during the phosphorus concentrate separation process, this study aims to meticulously scrutinize the intricate nuances of flow field characteristics. In order to refine and optimize various parameters encompassing process intricacies, membrane architecture intricacies, and strategies for mitigating membrane fouling phenomena, a structural model for flat ceramic membranes is set up. Experimental and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses are employed to validate the reliability of the porous media model in simulation. Subsequently, gas-liquid multiphase flow model and realistic gas model are integrated to investigate the dynamic variations in internal pressure and flow rate during the filtration of water through ceramic membranes. Additionally, the impact of air ingress, operating pressure and slurry concentration on the filtration process are analysed. Simulation results indicate that the entry of air has the most significant influence on vacuum degree when the operating pressure is set at -0.08 MPa. Transient simulations unveil the entire process dynamics of ceramic membrane filtration, from initial air evacuation to stabilized flow, revealing the first 3 seconds as the high-efficiency filtration interval. Subsequently, the flow rate decreases and stabilizes, with the stabilized flow rate contingent upon the outlet operating pressure. The difference in cumulative filtration flow rates between operating pressures of -0.06 and -0.08 MPa within 5 seconds is minimal. The research outcomes provide valuable theoretical guidance for determining the most suitable filtration durations and pressure settings tailored to diverse process specifications, as well as contributing to the enhancement of production efficiency and the reduction of energy consumption. Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of roasting modification on visible light photo-Fenton catalytic performance of zinc-containing electric furnace dust Rui ZHOU Shiyu HUANG Weiming LIU Zhaojin WU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1274-1283.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224047 Abstract （114）   HTML （3）    PDF （1367KB）（40）       Knowledge map    Save Zinc containing electric arc furnace dust (EAFD) is a hazardous solid waste generated during the electric arc furnaces steelmaking process, which contains a large amount of zinc and iron oxides. Systematically studying its photocatalytic performance is of great significance for its high value-added utilization. Herein, the EAFD collected from Masteel is treated by roasting modification, and the effect of roasting on its visible light photo-Fenton catalytic activity is evaluated using acid orange II (AOII) as a model pollutant. The phase structure, microtexture, and photoelectrochemical properties of EAFD are analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and photoelectrochemical workstation, and the relevant mechanisms are discussed. The results indicate that EAFD has good visible light catalytic activity, and calcination has a significant impact on its phase components, carrier concentration, separation and transport behavior of photo generated electrons/holes, thereby regulating its photo-Fenton catalytic performance. Calcination at 260℃ can effectively remove inert attachments on the surface of particles without changing their main phase composition, exposing more active sites on the surfaces of catalytic active phases Fe3O4, ZnFe2O4, and ZnO. Compared to the uncalcined EAFD sample, the carrier concentration has increased by 1.66 times, and it possesses the lower electrochemical impedance and better photo-generated electron/hole separation efficiency. Compared with the uncalcined sample, its degradation rates for AOII at 2, 4, and 6 h increase by 47.6%, 11.1%, and 7.4%, respectively, with a degradation rate of 94.2% after 6 h. Further increasing the calcination temperature to 510 and 650℃, the degradation rates of AOII over the calcined EAFD samples decrease to 87.8% and 63.8% within 6 hours respectively, being attributed to the transformation of ZnO and some Fe3O4 in EAFD into ZnFe2O4 and particle coarsening above 510℃. Mildly roasted zinc containing electric arc furnace dust can be used as a low-cost, high visible light activity photocatalytic material, with potential applications in the treatment of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater. It has positive significance for the high value-added utilization of metallurgical solid waste and sustainable environmental development. Related Articles | Metrics Select Parameter prediction and optimization of liquid hydrocarbon recovery unit based on BP neural network and genetic algorithm Zilong WANG Guilian LIU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1284-1296.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224072 Abstract （123）   HTML （3）    PDF （3420KB）（43）       Knowledge map    Save The natural gas light hydrocarbon recovery unit contains a number of key operation parameters, including the composition of the mixed-refrigerant, the temperature of cryogenic separator, plate pressure, etc. These parameters directly affect the energy consumption and product quality of the system. The relationship among these parameters are complex and interrelated, which makes it complicated to build theoretical models systematically. Based on the actual production data of a liquid hydrocarbon recovery unit, a BP neural network model for optimizing and predicting the mixed refrigerant composition and other key operation parameters was established to achieve the goal of saving energy and increasing efficiency. The model can adapt to the changes in natural gas feed and production requirements and the overall prediction accuracy was high. Most of the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the output parameters was less than 5%, and the minimum error was as low as 0.118%. The output parameters with unsatisfactory prediction effects were optimized by genetic algorithm (GA). After the optimization, the error of the liquid phase flow rate of the refrigerant separator decreased from 9.208% to 3.321%, and the error of plate pressure of the demethanizer reduced from 9.602% to 4.051%. Based on the established GA-BP neural network model, the refrigerant components and liquid phase flow rate and pressure of the refrigerant separator were optimized under different feeding conditions in summer and winter. The optimization results showed that the molar fraction of methane, propane, and isobutane in mixed-refrigerant and the flow rate of refrigerant separator should be appropriately increased in summer, and the molar fraction of ethylene should be reduced. In winter, the molar fraction of isobutane and the pressure of liquid refrigerant should be properly reduced. Taking the summer feed conditions as an example, the optimization of the mixed refrigerant proportion and various operating parameters resulted in a reduction of the refrigeration system's energy consumption by 518.12 kW. The optimization of key operation parameters based on the neural network model can increase the ethane yield and reduce cross-section temperature difference of main cold box, which is of great significance for actual production process. Related Articles | Metrics Select Research on extraction of calcium from steel slag based on orthogonal test Rui WANG Feng YAN Chuiyuan KONG Changxi TANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1297-1307.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224032 Abstract （123）   HTML （0）    PDF （7387KB）（27）       Knowledge map    Save Steel slag and CO2 are the two major wastes emitted by the iron and steel industry. Indirect carbonation of steel slag can achieve the dual benefits of Ca circulation and carbon emission reduction. Effective leaching of Ca from steel slag is a key step in the indirect carbonation process. However, Ca in steel slag exists in different Ca-based phases, and different active phases lead to different leaching efficiency. In order to investigate the dissolution law and reaction mechanism of the Ca-based phase of steel slag in the leaching process and the influence of the leaching process on leaching efficiency, ammonium chloride solution was employed as an extractant to leach steel slag. Furthermore, a thermodynamic calculation method was utilised to predict the dissolution behaviour of the calcium-containing phase of steel slag. The relationship between solid-liquid ratio, extractant concentration and leaching temperature on leaching efficiency was investigated by means of an orthogonal test. In addition, the mineral composition, surface morphology, element distribution and particle size change of steel slag before and after leaching were characterised by XRD, SEM-EDS, and particle size distribution. The results showed that the factors affecting the leaching efficiency of Ca in steel slag were solid-liquid ratio, leaching agent concentration and leaching temperature according to their influence. Under the conditions of solid-liquid ratio of 1:40, leaching temperature of 80℃, and leaching agent concentration of 3 mol/L, the concentration of Ca2+ in the solution was 4689.4 mg/L after leaching for 1 h, and the leaching rate was 63.1%. The results of thermodynamic calculations, XRD, and SEM-EDS analysis indicated that ammonium chloride selectively extracted calcium from the calcium-containing phase, while the iron remained in the slag to form enrichment. In this process, the particle size of the steel slag gradually decreased, and cracks and holes were generated on the surface, which was beneficial to increase the contact area between the steel slag and the ammonium chloride solution. Related Articles | Metrics Select Reaction influence of iron oxides for arsenic removal and scorodite synthesis from high-arsenic waste acid Zengbin CHAI Xing ZHU Boyu DU Nan JIANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1308-1317.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224079 Abstract （101）   HTML （5）    PDF （3365KB）（15）       Knowledge map    Save In order to achieve harmless disposal of high-arsenic waste acid and efficient arsenic solidification, the idea of using solid iron sources for arsenic removal from waste acid was proposed, and the influence of solid iron oxide on the arsenic removal process from high-arsenic waste acid and the synthesis of scorodite was explored. The results showed that the full reaction between solid iron oxide and waste acid at room temperature could provide initial iron ions for the arsenic removal reaction and reduces the pH of the solution. This reaction was conducive to the initiation of arsenate precipitation reaction, and aided in the stable nucleation and good crystallization of scorodite. During the experiment, it was found that the presence of arsenate ions can promote the dissolution of solid iron oxides in the system, and it was revealed that the mutual promotion effect of "solid iron oxide dissolution-arsenate precipitation" existing in an acidic environment was an important way to achieve efficient arsenic removal. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) underwent Fenton reaction during the arsenic removal process, producing abundant hydroxyl radicals. This reaction can promote the dissolution of Fe3O4 in the solution and accelerated the precipitation of arsenate, giving the Fe3O4 the best arsenic removal performance. When the reaction time was 12 h, the pH was 1.5, the Fe/As molar ratio was 2, and the reaction temperature was 90℃, Fe3O4 had the best arsenic removal efficiency in waste acid, which could reach 99.93%. Based on this, a new process was proposed for the efficient treatment of contaminated water using Fe3O4, including efficient arsenic removal of high-arsenic contaminated acid and further purification of low-arsenic contaminated acid. This process has a high arsenic removal rate while avoiding secondary pollution. By using scorodite to remove arsenic, the adsorption and magnetic characteristics of MNPs were used to achieve deep removal and efficient solidification of arsenic in waste acid. Related Articles | Metrics Select Study on the influence of diamine agents on the flocculation settling performance of aegirite and their adsorption mechanisms Yiming HU Yang CAO Cheng YANG Yang HUANG Xiangpeng GAO Mingyang LI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1318-1325.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.223367 Abstract （123）   HTML （0）    PDF （1056KB）（21）       Knowledge map    Save Aegirite is a gangue mineral often associated with iron ore. Due to its low hardness, it is easier to be crushed and argillated than iron ore in the grinding process. The argillated fine aegirite further increases the difficulty of iron tailings treatment. In this study, the effects of 6 kinds of diamines with different molecular chain lengths and both ends were amino on the flocculation performance of aegirite were explored through flocculation sedimentation test, and 1,8-octamethylene diamine (ODM) with the best flocculation effect was selected through free sedimentation test, flocculant type test, pH test and flocculant concentration test in sequence. The adsorption mechanism of ODM on the surface of fluorite was investigated using Zeta potential measurements, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis. The results of flocculation and sedimentation test showed that the best flocculation effect of ODM on aegirite was achieved when pH=6 and ODM concentration was 0.1wt%. In this case, aegirite settles completely within 60 s, and the rate of flocculation settlement is about 4 times that of free settlement. In addition, the Zeta potential of aegirite before and after the flocculation reaction was measured by the mechanism test. After adding the flocculant, the zero potential point of aegirite moved from 4.56 to 6.56, indicating that the interaction between the flocculant and the surface of aegirite was obvious. The adsorption behavior of the flocculant on the surface of aegirite was verified by FTIR analysis, and the functional groups belonging to the flocculant were adsorbed on the surface of aegirite. The adsorption mechanism was verified by XPS. It was found that the high resolution spectra of C 1s and N 1s after the treatment of the agent showed obvious new peaks, which further indicated that the agent was adsorbed on the surface of aegirite, and the binding energy of the upper peak of the Fe 2p spectrum was shifted by 0.1 eV, indicating that the adsorption behavior was non-chemisorption. The mechanism test results showed that ODM acts on the surface of aegirite mainly through electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bond adsorption, and electrostatic adsorption played a dominant role in the adsorption process. Related Articles | Metrics Select Wettability and interfacial behavior between vanadium titanium magnetite sodium smelting slag and SiC refractory Fei ZHAO Zhiwei BIAN Hongxin ZHAO Desheng CHEN Lina WANG Yulan ZHEN Zhangfu YUAN Tao QI The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1326-1334.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224108 Abstract （114）   HTML （2）    PDF （1590KB）（18）       Knowledge map    Save To investigate the corrosion resistance of SiC refractory materials in the sodium smelting process of vanadium titanium magnetite, the wettability and interface behavior between vanadium titanium magnetite sodium smelting slag and SiC refractory substrate were studied in this research. In the process of the research, the sodium smelting slag of vanadium titanium magnetite and SiC refractory substrate were used as the experimental materials, a high-temperature wetting experimental device was used to investigate the influence of Na2O content changes on the wetting and interfacial behavior between the slag and the SiC refractory by the sessile drop method. The results indicated that as the Na2O content in the slag increased, the melting point of the slag significantly decreased, improving the wetting and spreading on the SiC substrate. At the same time and temperature, the contact angle between the molten slag and the SiC refractory substrate decreased with the increase of Na2O content. The interfacial energy between the refractory substrates was also reduced, leading to a tight bond between the slag and the SiC refractory substrate and easier wetting between the two phases. The formation of numerous sodium-containing low-melting compounds in the slag reduced its viscosity and enhanced its fluidity, thereby intensifying the diffusion of molecules or ions within the slag, which accelerated the oxidation of the SiC refractory material. As the Na2O content increased from 20.00wt% to 40.00wt%, the interaction between the slag and the substrate transitioned from a separated to an adhesive state, eventually forming a uniform reaction layer. The SiC refractory material exhibited good corrosion resistance to slag with 20.00wt% Na2O content, but this resistance gradually decreased as the Na2O content increased. These research results may provide some theoretical basis for the study of slag resistance in refractory materials during the sodium smelting process of vanadium titanium magnetite. Related Articles | Metrics Select The role and mechanism of dihydromyricetin in the flotation of chalcopyrite and galena Shuang QIN Jianjun FANG Haiyang HE Zhilian QIU Liguo PENG Shiqin DONG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1335-1343.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224074 Abstract （120）   HTML （3）    PDF （3455KB）（25）       Knowledge map    Save This study investigated the effect of dihydromyricetin on the flotation behavior of chalcopyrite and galena throught pure mineral flotation test, contact angle measurement, ultraviolet spectrophotometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. At the same time, the mechanism of dihydromyricetin on the inhibition of galena was also studied. The research results indicate that the flotation index of single mineral is in good condition. When using 1.0×10-4 mol/L dihydromyricetin in the flotation test of artificial mixture, the grade and recovery rate of copper concentrate are 29.28wt% and 99.04%, respectively, and the grade and recovery rate of lead concentrate are 86.29wt% and 87.55%, respectively. The larger the contact angle on the mineral surface, the more hydrophobic and floatable of the mineral is. The contact angle measurement show that after adding dihydromyricetin, the contact angle of chalcopyrite decreases by 5.40°, while the contact angle of galena decreases by 13.78°, which significantly affects the wettability of galena surface. The adsorption capacity test results show that the galena has a higher affinity for dihydromyricetin than chalcopyrite. After treatment with dihydromyricetin, the adsorption capacity of galena on the mineral surface significantly decreases, while the adsorption capacity of chalcopyrite changes slightly. The difference in the adsorption amount of the collector further increases the floatability difference between the two. The XPS results show that the content of Pb(OH)2 increases significantly after dihydromyricetin treatment, from 11.72% to 24.73%, and the hydroxyl group of dihydromyricetin and the metal hydroxide oxidized on the surface of galena are adsorbed on the mineral surface through the interaction of Bronsted acid and alkali, which hinders the interaction between the collector and the mineral, what's more, this leads to two different flotation phenomena of chalcopyrite and galena. Related Articles | Metrics Select Effect of experimental conditions on the impurity content in Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 synthesized by co-precipitation Qianying HAN Li YANG Haoliang WANG Rizhi CHEN Jingcai CHENG Chao YANG The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1344-1353.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224102 Abstract （175）   HTML （3）    PDF （9216KB）（62）       Knowledge map    Save During the synthesis of precursor materials for ternary lithium battery cathodes via co-precipitation, the presence of impurities such as iron, aluminum, magnesium, copper, and sulfur can adversely affect the electrochemical performance of the final cathode materials. The existing studies are lack in mechanism analysis of the influence of coprecipitation conditions on the inclusion of impurities in precursor particles. The impurities in Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1(OH)2 synthesized via co-precipitation have been analyzed using multiple characterization methods. The impurities primarily consist of sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and sulfur, and may be distributed within the crystal lattice, interstitial sites, or on the surface of the precursor particles. The results indicate that the concentration of ammonia has a significant effect on the contents of iron, copper, zinc, and aluminum. The precursor synthesized under the condition of pH 11.7 is colloidal and has a larger specific surface area, which adsorbs the highest amounts of sodium and sulfur, being 28134.62 and 12898.50 μg/g, respectively. The variation in stirring speed has a certain effect on the distribution of sulfur content. Optimizing the process conditions of ternary precursor co-precipitation process is of great significance to control the impurity content in the precursor and improve the electrochemical performance and safety of the final ternary cathode material. Related Articles | Metrics Select Design and preparation of three-dimensional hollow porous Mn2O3 nanosphere for enhanced Zn2+ storage Shichang HAN Shuihua YU Hanfang ZHANG Zekai ZHANG Huaqiang CHU The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1354-1363.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224052 Abstract （141）   HTML （2）    PDF （2501KB）（33）       Knowledge map    Save Manganese sesquioxide (Mn2O3), as an cathode material for aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs), has received extensive attention from researchers due to its excellent energy storage potential. However, its application is constrained by factors such as the volume expansion of the material and the poor reversibility caused by manganese dissolution. In order to overcome these limitations, Mn2O3 nanospheres with a unique three-dimensional hollow porous structure were successfully prepared in this study by the hydrothermal method and heat treatment process. This unique three-dimensional hollow porous structure endowed Mn2O3 with a larger specific surface area and superior ion diffusion channels, resulting in excellent zinc storage properties. The Mn-450-2h electrode materials showed a high discharge specific capacity up to 636 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g and remain at 330 mAh/g after 50 charge/discharge cycles. Meanwhile, the discharge specific capacity of the Mn-450-2h electrode material can be stabilized at 100 mAh/g after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.5 A/g. In addition, a detailed analysis of the electrochemical zinc storage mechanism revealed the relationship between the physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance of the obtained materials, which provides a new perspective and direction for the construction of advanced manganese-based oxide electrode materials. Related Articles | Metrics Select Antibacterial properties of graphite carbon nitride materials based on piezoelectric response Wenjun MA Xiaoze WANG Jingkun ZHANG Yunfa CHEN The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (11): 1364-1374.   DOI: 10.12034/j.issn.1009-606X.224098 Abstract （220）   HTML （5）    PDF （7455KB）（57）       Knowledge map    Save The piezoelectric effect in asymmetric semiconductors has been shown to be an effective strategy to reduce carrier recombination in photocatalysis. This means that mechanical energy-induced piezoelectricity can act as a flexible automatic valve to regulate the transfer and separation of light-induced carriers in the bulk phase and on photocatalyst surfaces. Two-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has a non-centrally symmetrical pore structure and uniform pore distribution, so it has piezoelectric response characteristics, and has received extensive attention in the field of antibacterial applications. The molecular engineering of g-C3N4 can change the piezoelectric polarization of g-C3N4 to a certain extent, which will enhance the role of the piezoelectric effect in the antimicrobial process of g-C3N4. Therefore, in this work, two-dimensional g-C3N4 materials containing hydroxyl and carboxyl oxygen-containing functional groups were synthesized by KOH with high temperature alkali treatment and KSCN calcination acid leaching, respectively. The results show that g-C3N4 still exhibits a graphite structure after the modification of the agglomeration of oxygen. The piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) confirms the non-uniform surface potential distribution of these composite materials, and significantly improves the piezoelectric performance after the carboxyl branching. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the composite material causes a certain physical damage to the bacteria. The active oxygen (ROS) test shows that the induction effect is introduced to promote the separation of the electron-acupuncture point, which enhances the ability of the materials to capture electrons in the piezoelectric field. As a result, the captured electrons are restarted around the adsorption oxygen, generating a large amount of superoxide anion, and inducing a change in the active oxygen level within the bacteria to change, causing bacterial death. In vitro, the oxidation-induced oxidation stimulation combined with physical cutting of the antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli (E. coli) is 5log (99.999%), and the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is 4log (99.99%), which is higher than the pure g-C3N4. These findings emphasize the antibacterial potential of the carboxylated g-C3N4 material, which may be a promising candidate as an antibacterial material in the light-restricted environment. Related Articles | Metrics Select Cover and Contents The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering    2024, 24 (12): 0-.   Abstract （65）      PDF （2263KB）（30）       Knowledge map    Save Related Articles | Metrics page Page 1 of 4 Total 155 records First page Prev page Next page Last page