Table of Content

20 April 2005, Volume 5 Issue 2

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流动与传递

Particles Transport Velocity in a Moving-bed Column for Ion Exchange Resin

LIANG Dong;JING Shan

. 2005, 5(2):  113-118. 

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The particles transport velocity and influencing factors for a φ280 mm moving-bed column, which is possibly used in industry for removing 137Cs ions from the highly radioactive solution, are investigated. Experimental results show that the feeding rate of liquid into the moving-bed column, liquid rising velocity of riser and height of particles in the moving-bed column have important influence on particles transport velocity, and the reason is given to the system pressure balance. Based on the data, the dimensionless correlation has been obtained for particles transport velocity. Experimental results also show that the leakage rate of liquid through the solid-return pipe remains constant and the direction of liquid leakage is from riser to downer due to the relatively thin and long solid-return pipe.

Experimental Study on Flow Characteristics of Catalyst in the Standpipe

LUO Bao-lin;ZONG Xiang-rong;WANG Zhong-li;YANG Qi-ye

. 2005, 5(2):  119-124. 

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Experimental study was conducted on flow characteristics of catalyst in a standpipe with φ108 mm×4 mm and height of 10 m. The axial profile of pressure and circulating rate of catalyst in the standpipe and the influence of auxiliary air on them were measured. The experimental results show that the gas-solid flow in the standpipe is comprised of both flow status of stripping gas at the down move-flow region with negative pressure gradient and holding gas at the down move-flow region with positive pressure gradient. The restrictive effect of the open-extent of discharge valve on solid circulating rate is obvious, and the increase of overall pressure drop in the holding gas section is more notable than that in the stripping gas section. Auxiliary air to the standpipe with suitable air volume and at appropriate entry position is possessed of marked function to increase pressure, and will change the profile of pressure in the standpipe. Based on the experimental results and analysis, the idea and principle about design of standpipe shape and dense-phase transportation of catalyst in the standpipe were presented.

Preliminary Investigation on Interphase Mass Transfer in Agitated

FANG Jing;YANG Chao;YU Geng-zhi;MAO Zai-sha

. 2005, 5(2):  125-130. 

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Volumetric mass transfer coefficients were determined for liquid-liquid-solid dispersion in a mechanically agitated baffled tank with internal diameter D=0.118 m. The effects of agitation speed (210～460 r/min), inert glass beads diameter (74～355 μm in size), type of impeller (Rushton, PTU, PTD), impeller-to-bottom distance (D/6, D/4, D/3), mass fraction of inert glass particles (<2%) on the mass transfer of typical liquid-liquid extraction system n-butanol-deionized water-succinic acid were examined. The data were collected on-line using a conductivity probe and processed with a PC computer. The mass transfer coefficients of liquid-liquid and liquid-liquid-solid systems were compared under the same operation conditions. It is revealed that the presence of a solid phase enhances the interphase mass transfer. The experimental results are discussed in light of hydrodynamics in stirred tanks.

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Study on Mixing Characteristics of Stirred Bioreactor

HONG Hou-sheng;ZHANG Qing-wen;WAN Hong-gui;OUYANG Ping-kai

. 2005, 5(2):  131-134. 

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By commercial CFD package CFX-4.4, mixing characteristics of stirred bioreactor were simulated and the mixing time variation under various operation conditions was investigated. The liquid mixing time was measured by means of detecting the concentration variety of [H+] with a pH probe. The deviation between simulation and experiment becomes smaller as the bioreactor volume is increased, and the error for 25 m3 bioreactor is less than 11.6%.

Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow and Optimization on Structure of Air-agitated Seed Precipitation Tank

YAN Hong-jie;ZHOU Ping;ZHOU Jie-min;LU Zi-jian;ZHOU Huai-min

. 2005, 5(2):  135-138. 

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Air-agitated seed precipitation tank is a key facility for the industrial production of alumina and there exist many defects, such as scaling, liquid short-circuiting and so on. In order to overcome these defects, three-dimensional flow field in the tank with different structures is calculated numerically using CFD software. Euler/Euler approach is used to study the effect of structure on the flow field in the tank. Two-fluid model and multi-block gird are adopted in the simulation. The results discussed in this paper are well consistent with the practical situations. The flow field is improved obviously and the rate of scaling is reduced in the optimized tank. With using a gathering sill, the problem of short-circuiting, which always appeared in the upper of the tank, is controlled very well.

Influence of Resdistributors and Baffles on Hydrodynamics of Slurry Bubble Column Reactors

SUN Shu-lan;LIU Chang-jian;WEI Wei-sheng;BAO Xiao-jun

. 2005, 5(2):  139-143. 

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The effects of redistributors and baffles with different geometry on average gas holdup, solid holdup and gas axial profiles of an air-water-quartz sand three-phase system were investigated in a slurry bubble column reactor of 0.1 m in I.D. and 2.0 m in height. The results showed that the redistributors could significantly increase the average gas holdup in the reactor, but baffles had no obvious effect. The increase in average gas holdup by introducing the redistributors was found to depend upon the hole size and opening fraction of the perforated redistributors. It was also found that both redistributors and baffles could improve the uniformity of the axial profiles of gas and solid holdup with only small increase in pressure drop. Based on the correlation due to Smith, an empirical correlation for the average gas holdup in slurry bubble columns with redistributor was obtained.

反应与分离

Pervaporation of Ethanol/Water and Acetic Acid/Water Mixtures through PDMS Membranes

LI Hao;YU Jiang;LIU Hui-zhou

. 2005, 5(2):  144-147. 

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The effects of feed concentration and feed temperature on the flux and selectivity of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pervaporation membrane for separating ethanol and acetic acid from ethanol/water and acetic acid/water mixtures were investigated. The swelling properties of PDMS membrane in ethanol and acetic acid were also examined for exploring the possible separation mechanism in the pervaporation process. The results indicated that pervaporation was quite different for ethanol and acetic acid. Compared with the preferential pervaporation of ethanol through PDMS, the low diffusion rate of acetic acid in PDMS membrane was observed, which made water pass through PDMS membrane prior to acetic acid if the operation temperature was lower than 60℃.

Extraction of Phenols with Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids

LI Xian;ZHANG Suo-jiang;ZHANG Jian-min;CHEN Yu-huan;ZHANG Yan-qiang;SUN Ning

. 2005, 5(2):  148-151. 

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Hydrophobic ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexfluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6) and 1-decatyl-3-methylimid- azolium hexfluorophosphate ([dmim]PF6), were used for extracting phenols from aqueous solutions. The distribution coefficients of phenols between water and ionic liquids were determined. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of phenols between water and ionic liquids were on the same order as that between water and conventional organic solvents, and the extraction efficiency was dependent on temperature and the length of alkyl chain on the imidazole of ionic liquids. Ionic liquids show the potential to replace organic solvents for extracting phenols from wastewater, due to its unique characteristics.

过程与工艺

Study of the Gelling Process for the Preparation of Tin Oxide Materials Based on Tin Tetrabutoxide

HUANG Rui-an;HOU Li-song;ZHAO Qi-tao;REN Shu-hua

. 2005, 5(2):  152-156. 

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The gelling process in the preparation of tin oxide materials based on tin tetrabutoxide is studied. Sn(OBun)4 modified by two moles of acetylacetone (AcAc) has a stable six-member ring structure and is less susceptive to water. In a system with a lower molar ratio of acetylacetone to Sn(OBun)4 ([AcAc]/[Sn(OBun)4]<2.0) or a larger portion of water ([H2O]/[Sn(OBun)4]>2.5), colloidal suspension or white precipitation will take place. A system with molar ratios of both acetylacetone to Sn(OBun)4 and water to Sn(OBun)4 at 2.0 is transparent and olivaceous sol. As catalysts, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic and acetic acids, and ammonia all accelerate the hydrolysis and condensation of Sn(OBun)4 during the sol-gel process. Light scattering measurement indicates that cluster size distribution in the sol system undergoes gradual broadening during the sol-gel transition.

Experimental Study on Co-gasifying of Natural Gas and Coal in a Fixed Bed for Preparation of Synthesis Gas

SONG Xue-ping;GUO Zhan-cheng

. 2005, 5(2):  157-161. 

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The reaction process of natural gas and coal was investigated using a fixed-bed reactor to model the furnace for preparing synthesis gas. Experimental results indicated that oxidation of methane and carbon occurred simultaneously in the lower zone close to the furnace bottom and O2 was used up. Pyrolysis of methane and reduction of CO2 and steam took place during the rising of synthesis gas. The whole reaction system for preparation of synthesis gas nearly reached equilibrium while the synthesis gas left the outlet of furnace.

Synthesis of a Novel Superabsorbent Resin Based on Acrylic Acid and Maleic Anhydride

WANG Li-yong;REN Tian-rui

. 2005, 5(2):  162-165. 

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A kind of novel copolymer superabsorbent resin based on the monomers[maleic anhydride (MA), acrylic acid (AA) and its salts] was prepared by solution polymerization using ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide (MBA) and glycerine as cross-linking agents. Effects of process parameters such as the concentrations of monomers, cross-linker, initiator and degree of ammoniation of maleic anhydride on the absorbency of superabsorbent resin were discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the absorbency of water from distilled water and 0.9% NaCl solution was 1689 g/g and 115 g/g, respectively.

Manufacture of Calcium Chromate from Decomposition of Calcium Carbonate in Aqueous Sodium Dichromate Solution

WANG Tian-gui;LI Zuo-hu

. 2005, 5(2):  166-169. 

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There are various processes known for production of calcium chromate, which suffer from inherent disadvantages such as poor quality and severe pollution. A novel process for the manufacture of calcium chromate was presented in this paper. It is shown that calcium carbonate can be decomposed in aqueous sodium dichromate solution and transformed to calcium chromate at ambient pressure and boiling temperature. Both reaction temperature and concentration of sodium dichromate are the main factors controlling the decomposition of calcium carbonate. Under the conditions of the concentration of sodium dichromate≥60% and the molar ratio of sodium dichromate to calcium carbonate≥1.05:1, the purity of calcium chromate can reach 99.5% and the yield approaches to 100%. The carbon dioxide and aqueous sodium chromate solution produced during the decomposition of calcium carbonate can be recycled and no waste is discharged.

Properties of Li4Ti5O12 Prepared with Amorphous TiO2

YANG Jian-wen;ZHONG Hui;ZHONG Hai-yun;DAI Yan-yang;ZHAO Xuan

. 2005, 5(2):  170-174. 

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Micron-sized powder Li4Ti5O12 was prepared in a single-step solid state reaction involving amorphous TiO2 and Li2CO3, and its microcosmic characteristics and electrochemical behavior were studied. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the products of Li4Ti5O12 were of single cube-spinel phase structure with good crystallization. The laser particle size and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed uniformly distributed gravel Li4Ti5O12 particles with average grain size of 2.66 μm. The lithium cell, consisting of Li4Ti5O12 cathode and lithium anode, displayed a wide discharge/charge plateau at 1.5 V, a very stable characteristic for Li ion insertion and emission. The first discharge and cycle specific capacitance were 180 and 150 mA·h/g at 0.1 C current respectively. AC impedance spectra of the Li/Li4Ti5O12 cell at charge/discharge potentials showed that electrochemical impedance was possibly influenced by the corresponding conductivity at the Li+ insertion extend, and the slopes of Warburg impedance lines were correlated with Li4Ti5O12 charge-states.

Effect of Heat Treatment on the Microstructure of Glass Ceramic from Boron Mud

SHI Pei-yang;JIANG Mao-fa;LIU Cheng-jun;DENG Jiang-ning;ZHU Ming-wei

. 2005, 5(2):  175-178. 

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Glass-ceramic was prepared from raw materials mainly containing boron mud, and the crystallizability of glass ceramic of CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system was studied by means of DTA, XRD and SEM. Effects of sintering time and crystallizing time on the microstructure of glass ceramic were also analyzed. The results show that the main crystalline phase of the glass ceramic is hedenbergite, while the subordinate crystalline phases are spinel and olivine, its grain sizes are about 2~5 μm, with dendrite, columnar crystal and bulk crystal existing in aggregation, and the optimum sintering time and crystallizing time are 4 and 4 h, respectively.

系统与集成

Modelling and Optimization Based on the Molecular Matrix for the Overall Refinery Operation

ZHOU Qi-hong;HU Shan-ying;CHEN Ding-jiang;YU Zhi-wu

. 2005, 5(2):  179-182. 

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To complicated refining processes and stream components, molecular matrices are used to express refining stream compositions. Process models based on molecular matrices are built for catalytic reforming unit, naphtha hydro-treating unit, gasoline stabilizer unit and gasoline blending unit. Molecular compositions can be obtained from stream bulk properties with the conversion model and vice versa. The process models on the basis of molecular matrices can not only give out more detailed molecular information, but also form a common component base for the traditional pseudo-component models in the distillation processes and lumped models in the reaction processes, which makes it possible to integrate multi-process models into an overall plant modeling.

生化工程专栏

Flexible Immobilized Papain on the Chitosan Support

WEI Rong-qing;SHEN Bin;LIU Xiao-ning;WANG Hai-ping;WANG Yu-xing;OUYANG Ping-kai

. 2005, 5(2):  183-187. 

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In this work "Flexible Immobilized Enzyme" model is adopted. Chitosan-DAS (Dialdehyde Starch) flexible support is synthesized by coupling flexible chain (DAS) onto the surface of chitosan support, then papain is immobilized on this flexible support. Through optimizing immobilization conditions, it is found that when Chitosan-DAS50 is taken as support with the conditions of 14.4 mg/g (enzyme/dry support) and pH 8, immobilization time is 18 h, the recovery of immobilized enzyme activity can reach 72%, being equal to triple of Chitosan-GA (glutaric aldehyde) support. This conclusion has showed that "Flexible Immobilized Enzyme" model can improve recovery of immobilized enzyme activity over traditional covalent immobilization and arm spacer immobilization.

Uptaking and Biodegradation of Alkane by Two Pseudomonas Strains

YANG Guo-jun;SONG Ruo-hai;HUA Zhao-zhe;LI Hua-zhong;CHEN Jian

. 2005, 5(2):  188-192. 

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Pseudomonas sp. A and Pseudomonas sp. B, which could biodegrade alkane, were isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil nearby Jiangsu Oil Field through bacterial distribution in oil-water two phases system. When Pseudomonas sp. A was incubated in the medium with kerosene as sole carbon source, its growth was slow, the bacteria mainly congregated in oil phase and showed high microbial adhesion to hydrocarbons, the growth was not affected by EDTA, the inhibitor of the biosurfactant production, the surface tension of incubation broth decreased only slightly; as to Pseudomonas sp. B, it showed the opposite features. The above results indicated the different mechanisms of alkane uptake in two Pseudomonas strains, Pseudomonas sp. A uptakes kerosene by the direct contact mechanism, while Pseudomonas sp. B uptakes the kerosene emulsified with the biosurfactant produced by the cells.

Inhibition and Deactivation of Nitrile Hydratase in the Production of Acrylamide

GAO Yi;LIU Ming;CAO Zhu-an

. 2005, 5(2):  193-196. 

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In order to improve the production of acrylamide (AM), the main effects of pH, temperature, substrate concentration and product concentration on the deactivation of nitrile hydratase (NHase) in the process of biotransformation from acrylonitrile (AN) were investigated. The results indicate that in the process of hydration, system pH value changes from 7 to 8, while NHase reaction velocity remains almost stable in this range. NHase reaction velocity increases with AN concentration when it is below 10 g/L, and NHase is in-hibited when the concentration is above 75 g/L. The product acrylamide could inhibit NHase greatly. Cells were observed slowing resis-tance to thermal deactivation in the process of catalysis, and the half life time of intracellular NHase was as long as 59.9 h. At the same time, the synergistic effect of acrylamide and heat was also an important reason for the deactivation of NHase.

Regulation of Vitamin C and Vitamin E on the Biosynthesis of 1,3-Propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae

ZHANG Yan-ping;DU Chen-yu;RAO Zhi;CAO Zhu-an

. 2005, 5(2):  197-200. 

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Glycerol could be transformed to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Since NADH was required in the process, reductants were considered to affect the formation of 1,3-propanediol. In this work, 40~150 mg/L VC or 20~100 mg/L VE was added into the culture medium to regulate the intracellular redox state (NADH/NAD) of Klebsiella pneumoniae, and the effects of these two reductants on the metabolism of Klebsiella pneumoniae were investigated. It was shown that the concentration of 1,3-propanediol increased by 20%~30% by addition of 150 mg/L VC or 30 mg/L VE into the culture medium. With the increasing 1,3-PD, some byproducts such as ethanol and 2,3-butanediol increased correspondingly, which resulted in an unconspicuous improvement of the yield of 1,3-PD. Rather than addition of these reductants, regulation of metabolic flux was considered to be a feasible attempt to improve the yield of 1,3-PD.

Novel Synthesis of the Antigen for Carbaryl

YANG Yao-jun;QU Gui-rong;MENG Fan-tao;MA Guang-hui

. 2005, 5(2):  201-204. 

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A hapten 6-[(1-naphthyloxy) carbonyl] amino hexanoic acid (CNH) completely preserving the carbamate group was synthesized with aminohexanoic acid and 1-naphthol, which was activated with 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate. Then the CNH hapten was covalently attached to carrier protein by utilizing the modified active ester method to synthesize antigen. Some factors influencing synthesis of CNH antigen were studied, and the conditions were optimized through orthogonal design experiments. A series of CNH-BSA antigens of different CNH/BSA mole ratios were synthesized by altering the experimental conditions. The antigens were identified with the UV-VIS and IR analysis.

Optimization of Separation and Purification Process of Novel Antibiotic Maituolaimycin

LIU Yu-qiang;WANG Zhi-ping;GE Zhi-qiang;YUAN Ying-jin

. 2005, 5(2):  205-208. 

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With the analysis technologies of HPLC, TLC and test of antibacterial bio-activity, the stability of maituolaimycin, a novel macrolide antibiotic, during the process of separation and purification from the fermentation broth was studied in orthogonal test. The research included pH, temperature and protein-removing, the main factors that affected the stability of maituolaimycin, as well as their interaction, and the authors put out a reasonable technological process forward the separation and purification of maituolaimycin. Also the optimized separation and purification process after fermentation offers an analogy for other antibiotics.

Factors Influencing the Heterocyst Differentiation in Anabaena sp. PCC7120

KANG Rui-juan;SHI Ding-ji;CONG Wei;CAI Zhao-ling;OUYANG Fan

. 2005, 5(2):  209-212. 

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Anabaena sp. strain PCC7120 was a filamentous cyanobacterium that was capable of both oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic nitrogen fixation. Heterocysts were developed from vegetative cells, which provided a suitable anaerobic environment for nitrogenase. The regulation of heterocyst development was influenced by several factors including concentrations, species of carbon and nitrogen sources, light intensity and NaCl concentration. In this paper, the effects of these factors on heterocyst differentiation in Anabaena sp. PCC7120 were studied. Results showed that NaNO3 and NH4Cl inhibited the development of heterocyst. But the elevated CO2 eliminated the inhibition of NaNO3 but not that of NH4Cl. The addition of NaHCO3 into the medium did not induce the production of heterocyst. Heterocyst frequency was enhanced by higher light intensity and NaCl concentration. It was found that heterocyst differentiation was induced in the presence of NaNO3 by elevated CO2, which was different from the opinion that Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 contained only vegetative cells in the presence of NaNO3.

Study on Dilution and Ion Exchange Chromatographic Refolding of Recombinant Human Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor by Reversed Phase Chromatography

LUO Tian-le;DING Hong;LI Jing-jing;SU Zhi-guo

. 2005, 5(2):  213-216. 

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A novel way to refold rhG-CSF by combining ion exchange chromatography (IEC) and L-arginine was developed: denatured rhG-CSF from inclusion body was attached to a DEAE column and eluted by a gradient from 6 mol/L urea to 0.5 mol/L L-arginine. Refolding of rhG-CSF was also done by dilution and by passing the rhG-CSF inclusion body through the DEAE column perfused with 0.5 mol/L arginine without adsorption. RPC analysis and bioactivity assay showed that rhG-CSF refolded by IEC had different pattern from those of the rhG-CSFs refolded by dilution and flowing-through, representing fast but asynchronous kinetics, due to the adsorption of the DEAE medium to the rhG-CSF and the gradient of denaturant. It was also found that subsequent dilution and incubation of the IEC-refolded rhG-CSF furthered its refolding and enhanced its bioactivity up to 10 folds.

综述

Measuring Techniques for Gas Liquid Solid Three-phase Fluidized Bed Reactors

LIU Ming-yan;YANG Yang;XUE Juan-ping;HU Zong-ding

. 2005, 5(2):  217-222. 

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The gas-liquid-solid three-phase fluidized bed is a kind of very important devices for physical operation or chemical reactions and has been widely used in chemical, petrochemical, biochemical, metallurgical, environmental and coal liquefaction processes. However, the effective measuring techniques are still limited, which baffles the further development of the theory and application of three-phase fluidized beds. Fortunately, much progress has been made recently on the measuring techniques for gas-liquid-solid fluidization or three-phase flow with the development of modern science and technology and many new measuring methods have been developed. This article introduces the progress in research and development of measuring techniques in three-phase fluidized beds. The principles, advantages and disadvantages of these kinds of measuring techniques are discussed briefly, including new techniques developed recently such as optical fiber probes, ultrasonic probes, radioactive particle tracking, X-ray based particle tracking velocimetry, particle image velocimetry, electrical capacitance tomography, laser Doppler anemometry, and phase Doppler anemometry techniques. Furthermore, the research directions in the future and application prospects of some measuring techniques are given.

Modification of Activated Carbon Material and Its Applications in Environmental Protection

ZHANG Chun-shan;SHAO Man-jun

. 2005, 5(2):  223-227. 

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The advances in research on modified activated carbon materials in surface structure and physico-chemical properties are reviewed. The methods of modification of activated carbon materials, such as changing microporosity and modifying chemical surface properties, are discussed. The functional groups on activated carbon materials are described as well. Some applications in the field of environmental protection such as wastewater treatment/purification and removal of SO2/NOx in furnace effluents are introduced and analyzed. Finally, some points of idea on modification for activated carbon materials are introduced.

Modification of Activated Carbon Material and Its Applications in Environmental Protection

CAI Wei-quan;LI Hui-quan;ZHANG Yi

. 2005, 5(2):  228-232. 

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The current situation and recent progrss of microwave radiation applied to metallurgical processes are reviewed. The theory of microwave is briefly accounted, with the focus mainly on some unit operations, such as microwave-assisted comminution, leaching, drying/dehydration, reduction of minerals and waste control from minerals mining. Examples of successful applications are given to illustrate the advantages of microwave-assisted operations in mining and process metallurgy. It is concluded that microwave radiation has great potential to improving metallurgical efficiency and achieving high economical benefit, but many problems must be overcome at first. Finally, recommendation for future research and development activities in this field is also suggested.